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STORM-27
EXCELLENT-Vertical
Antenna for 10 and 11 metres-500W
Reduced dimensions and large antenna efficiency. The STORM is designed
to work in any weather condition. To improve its functioning should be
installed at highest point of your home, boat, car or truck.
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Specifiche Tecniche:
-
Vertical antenna-need ground plan
-
Rain resistant
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No need to adjust for ROE.
-
Supplied complete with all necessary accessories
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Black color
Working frequency
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27 a 29
MHz
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Power applicable
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500 W
|
Minimum ROE
|
1 ,1:1
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Gain
|
0.9
dB
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Size (height)
|
1000 mm
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Beware of Welding!
All inevitably amateur ventures to make use of iron welds and use our
known "welding wire" made up of 60 % tin and 40 % lead.
Great care is required in handling the "welding wire", which may cause
poisoning due to lead can cause anemia, damage to the central and
peripheral nervous system, the glands , kidneys, intestines and the
circulatory system.
Vapors and solder fumes can induce asthma or its aggravation. It is
noteworthy that this toxic smoke may contain PVC due to the high
temperatures of contact with the iron welds.
Smell is the most reliable indicator of the existence of these smoke - who
smells at the same time are inhaling the smoke.
And how can we defend ourselves against the risks of welding?
1 ) Every time , after welding and also prior to subsequent
meals , we should wash their hands with abundant water;
2 ) Always keep well ventilated places where we make
welding;
3 ) Maintain the lowest possible
contact with the "wire welds" and the solder paste;
4) Avoid inhalation of vapors and smoke materials, heated
wires and components during soldering.
Use the Antenna Tuner Kenwood AT- 250 with any Radio
1) Localize o conector ACC na parte traseira do AT-250;
2 ) Connect pin 3 to ground (watch the pin identification 3 - see
drawing above)
3) Connect the AT- 250 to your radio through the INPUT cable;
4 ) Connect the antenna cable to the AT- 250 in ANT-1
5 ) Place the RX switch to OUT;
6
) Finally connect the AT- 250 to the power outlet;
Steps to tuning :
a)
Place the AT- 250 in POWER ON
b)
Place the AT- 250 TUNER ON
c)
Place the AT- 250 TUNE ON
d)
Place the AT- 250 ANTENNA in ANT-1
e)
Place the AT- 250 METER in SWR
f)
Place the AT- 250 BAND the desired range
g)
Turn on your radio and place it on AM or FM to tune
h)
Press the PTT and wait for the AT- 250 automatically tune
i)
Note that the stationary will lowering until the light turns off
TUNE
j)
Operate your radio normally
k)
For new tune, repeat the above steps
High-gain Loop antenna
Many radio amateurs
seek and find in your daily life, various designs of antennas. Some
practices, others do not. Mostly all the antennas work, but unlike the
manner for which they were designed. Loop antennas work basically like
resonant magnetic fields that feed electrically our receivers. For diverse
experiences, it is understood that the loops must cover perfectly the
radio spectrum from very long Wave (VLF) to Tropical Waves.
In order not to shoot down very
technical segment, we propose here a loop antenna resonant high-gain, not
only by the height of your frame, but because it is rotating through a
single axle and also be mounted as vertical crosshead. This increases, and
the sensitivity of its vertices and pretty, and very low noise levels,
because the tangents of radio wave, usually horizontal, not reflected in
their turns. The Assembly is self-explanatory, not fitting here too much
details, but some considerations must be made:
-Give preference to mount this
antenna with wooden frame. An experimenter mounted system with PVC pipes
and curiously the physical instability of the system showed signs of
background noise. The balance of the system produces small variations of
tension, which the receiver, it becomes noise;
-Place the variable capacitor on
the outside of the magnetic field, i.e. outside of the coil. The "Q"
factor of windings in resonance with the variable is vastly more stable
and electrically speaking, the antenna becomes resonant with much higher
accuracy;
-use a plastic button to operate
in variable. The electric charge of our bodies makes the very sensitive
variable, what instabiliza the antenna;
-make sure that the shaft and
rotating base support are free to rotate. If necessary, place a little oil
between backups;
Let's go to the
Assembly:
Materials:
2 pieces of wood, cut
to the extent of 61 cm long by 4 wide and 2 cm in height.
1 variable capacitor
of 1 or 2 sections, whose total capacity exceeds 420 PF. Experiences must
be made with other variables.
PS: miniature type
capacitors, of American origin were tested, but not presented good yields.
Wood for
the base and a second piece, thinner, as swivel base
1 potentiometer that
will be broken, where will be used only the shaft and base
4 small screws (2 mm)
37.80 meters of
enameled wire, copper or transformer winding, whose section is next to or
greater than 1 mm.
The
Loop Antenna itself consists in mounting a cross with pieces of wood. The
differential of this proposal is that at the base of the vertical frame,
there will be a second base, transfixed by the potentiometer shaft,
supported by a wooden base. Electrically, this antenna has 17 turns
thirty, consuming 37.80 feet of wire on average. Full Coverage of track
between 520 to 1710 Khz.
The crosses have 61 cm
long by 4 cm wide and 2 cm in height, can be cut directly into a
lumberyard or home construction materials to, but if not possible, lower
court measures are: 2 cm to the Center crease, which can be found through
cross-cutting risks (see illustration). The spacing of the cuts of the
adjacent Sciences is 29.5 cm. The depth is 2 cm, as the height (vertical
thickness) of wood.
Base:
The base of the
antenna is composed of a piece of wood with at least 20x15 cm area,
minimum to support the weight of the set. The height (thickness) of this
wood should be about, it's possible to drill the base to secure the shaft
of the potentiometer. In the same way that this axis must be drilled and
screwed on this same basis.
The
winding must be initiated by the swivel base, where already will set the
variable capacitor. will be made, 17 wire ties very well stowed, where to
complete the 17 will be made another half, where in any of the points,
this wire will be taken to the other end of the variable to facilitate the
start of winding can be fixed together with the base of the variable and
its end, after the soldier isolated polo.
The final design was
with 17 turns thirty, but there is a very important point to be seen
during the entire Assembly: the real capacity of the variable.
If there are too many
turns, the resonance of the antenna won't get much more than 1500 Khz, and
if there are turns of less, the antenna will cover after the 800 Khz, on
average and follow until the 2100 Khz, which can be a prejudice only.
To avoid this, do as
was done in the prototype: wrap a few turns 19 (40 feet of wire) and
several rolling out every 1/4 of the frame. Turn on and test. With the
enclosed variable, you must tune in the beginning of the track and with
him wide open, the end. To continue hitting, just go down the wire that
the value will be found.
In the final version,
was installed a variable Douglas (Windsor, UK) with 2 interconnected
sections, whose capacity should be next of the 680 pf, more or less.
Experiences must be made with several variables and various sizes of wire.
Always among the 17 and 19 turns.
Rotating Base:
The rotating base is
an adaptation of a piece of wood no more than 10 mm thick for 35 in length
which must be cut in the proportion of 2/3 of length for setting the
variable capacitor and the support to the recipient. The holes of the
bottom can be given in the graph. At this point, it is not crucial to the
clearance of 2 mm between each coil. As the base, this factor does not
interfere so fatally in the proper functioning of the system.
During the winding of
coils, variable shaft and screws should be placed in their holes, to
prevent breaking the wire into your retrofitting. In the prototype, the
variable shaft has 6 inches of length. To make the holes was used a drill
for wood number 8. The screws have 2 mm thick by 115 mm overall length. A
proportional view of bindings can be seen in the illustration:
|
Partial
view of a proposed location of the receiver after the Assembly. The
variable and their bindings are on one side and the other, a base is
placed to support the receiver.
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Many didn't realize
how cold already set up this project and consider themselves happy with
their results. In Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil, it was possible to tune perfectly
North and Northeast Brazilian broadcasters like Radio Sociedade of Bahia,
Radio Pioneira of Teresina and many others. From the outside, was made
very easily, the tune of Radio vision Cristiana of Turks and Caicos
Islands in the Caribbean, National Radio of Spain, Madrid. A station not
too rare but difficult to capture in the large centers was the radio
Norway, broadcasting from Kvitsoy, 1,314 Khz whose tune was made at 23:40
hs of Brasília in the Aclimação district, Central/South region of São
Paulo. Argentine, Uruguayan and Paraguayan stations became commonplace
during the night.
TABLE OF COAXIAL CABLES
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|
Referência |
Ohms |
Velocidade |
pF/m |
30
MHz perdas dB |
100
MHz perdas dB |
400
MHz perdas dB |
Diâmetro |
Dielétrico |
RG-5/U |
52,5 |
0.66 |
93,5 |
6,20 |
8,8 |
19,4 |
8,4 |
PE |
RG-5B/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
96,8 |
6,20 |
7.9 |
19,4 |
8,4 |
PE |
RG-6A/U |
75,0 |
|
67,0 |
6,20 |
8,9 |
19,4 |
8,4 |
PE |
RG-7/U |
95,0 |
|
41,0 |
|
7,8 |
17,0 |
|
|
RG-8/U |
50,0 |
|
5,0 |
|
6,3 |
13,8 |
10,3 |
|
RG-8/U |
52,0 |
0.66 |
97,0 |
4,70 |
6,3 |
13,4 |
10,3 |
PE |
RG-8/U |
50,0 |
0.80 |
83,3 |
|
|
|
10,3 |
PEF |
RG-8A/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
4,70 |
6,2 |
13,4 |
10,3 |
PE |
RG-8A/U |
52,0 |
0.66 |
97,0 |
|
5,8 |
13,5 |
|
|
RG-8mini |
80,0 |
0.67 |
80,0 |
0,98 |
3,3 |
7,5 |
6,1 |
PEF |
RG-8 XX |
50,0 |
0.80 |
|
7,04 |
|
|
6,2 |
PEF |
RG-9/U |
51,0 |
0.66 |
98,4 |
4,90 |
6,5 |
16,4 |
10,8 |
PE |
RG-9A/U |
51,0 |
0.66 |
98,4 |
4,90 |
6,5 |
16,4 |
10,8 |
PE |
RG-9B/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
4,90 |
7,6 |
16,4 |
10,8 |
PE |
RG-10A/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
4,30 |
6,2 |
13,4 |
12,1 |
PE |
RG-11/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
67,2 |
5,30 |
7,5 |
15,8 |
10,3 |
PE |
RG-11/U |
75,0 |
0.80 |
55,4 |
|
|
|
10,3 |
PEF |
RG-11A/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
67,5 |
4,00 |
7,5 |
15,7 |
10,3 |
PE |
RG-11A/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
68,0 |
4,00 |
7,5 |
15,7 |
10,3 |
PE |
RG-12/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
67,5 |
5,20 |
7,5 |
15,7 |
12,0 |
PE |
RG-12A/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
67,5 |
5,20 |
7,5 |
15,7 |
12,0 |
PE |
RG-13/U |
74,0 |
0.66 |
67,5 |
5,30 |
7,6 |
15,8 |
|
|
RG-13A/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
67,5 |
5,20 |
7,5 |
15,7 |
10,8 |
PE |
RG-14A/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
3,30 |
4,6 |
10,2 |
13,8 |
PE |
RG-16/U |
52,0 |
0.67 |
96,8 |
|
4,0 |
|
16,0 |
|
RG-17/U |
52,0 |
0.66 |
96,7 |
2,03 |
3,1 |
7,9 |
22,1 |
PE |
RG-17A/U |
52,0 |
0.66 |
98,4 |
2,03 |
3,1 |
7,9 |
22,1 |
PE |
RG-18/U |
52,0 |
0.66 |
98,4 |
2,03 |
3,1 |
7,9 |
22,1 |
PE |
RG-18A/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
2,03 |
3,1 |
7,9 |
24,0 |
PE |
RG-19/U |
52,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
1,59 |
2,3 |
6,1 |
|
PE |
RG-19A/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
1,50 |
2,3 |
6,1 |
28,4 |
PE |
RG-20/U |
52,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
1,50 |
2,3 |
6,1 |
30,4 |
PE |
RG-20A/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
1,50 |
2,3 |
6,1 |
30,4 |
PE |
RG-21A/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
30,50 |
42,7 |
85,3 |
8,4 |
PE |
RG-29/U |
53,5 |
0.66 |
93,5 |
|
14,4 |
31,5 |
4,7 |
PE |
RG-34A/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
67,2 |
2,79 |
4,6 |
10,9 |
16,0 |
PE |
RG-34B/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
67,0 |
2,79 |
4,6 |
10,9 |
16,0 |
PE |
RG-35A/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
67,3 |
1,90 |
2,8 |
6,4 |
24,0 |
PE |
RG-35B/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
67,0 |
1,90 |
2,8 |
6,4 |
24,0 |
PE |
RG-54A/U |
58,0 |
0.66 |
87,0 |
|
10,5 |
22,3 |
6,4 |
PE |
RG-55/U |
53,5 |
0.66 |
93,5 |
10,50 |
15,8 |
32,8 |
5,3 |
PE |
RG-55A/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
97,0 |
10,50 |
15,8 |
32,8 |
5,5 |
PE |
RG-55B/U |
53,5 |
0.66 |
94,0 |
10,50 |
15,8 |
32,8 |
5,5 |
PE |
RG-58/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
95,0 |
|
16,1 |
39,5 |
5,0 |
PE |
RG-58/U |
53,5 |
0.66 |
93,3 |
|
15,3 |
34,5 |
5,0 |
PE |
RG-58/U |
75,0 |
0.79 |
55,5 |
|
15,1 |
34,5 |
6,2 |
PEF |
RG-58A/U |
53,5 |
0.66 |
93,5 |
10,90 |
16,0 |
39,4 |
5,0 |
PE |
RG-58B/U |
53,5 |
0.66 |
93,5 |
|
15,1 |
34,4 |
5,0 |
PE |
RG-58C/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
10,90 |
16,1 |
39,4 |
5,0 |
PE |
RG-58XX |
50,0 |
0.80 |
|
6,60 |
|
|
6,2 |
|
RG-59/U |
73,0 |
0.66 |
68,6 |
7,90 |
11,2 |
23,0 |
6,2 |
PE |
RG-59/U |
75,0 |
0.79 |
55,5 |
|
|
|
6,2 |
PEF |
RG-59A/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
67,3 |
7,90 |
11,2 |
23,0 |
6,2 |
PE |
RG-59B/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
67,0 |
7,90 |
11,2 |
23,0 |
6,2 |
PE |
RG-62/U |
93,0 |
0.84 |
44,3 |
5,70 |
8,9 |
17,4 |
6,2 |
PEA |
RG-62/U |
95,0 |
0.79 |
44,0 |
|
|
|
6,2 |
PEF |
RG-62A/U |
93,0 |
0.84 |
44,3 |
5,70 |
8,9 |
17,4 |
6,2 |
PEA |
RG-62B/U |
93,0 |
0.86 |
46,0 |
|
9,5 |
20,3 |
6,2 |
PEA |
RG-63B/U |
125,0 |
0.76 |
36,0 |
|
4,9 |
11,2 |
10,3 |
PE |
RG-67B/U |
93,0 |
0.70 |
|
|
|
|
|
PE |
RG-71B/U |
93,0 |
0.66 |
46,0 |
5,70 |
8,9 |
17,4 |
6,2 |
PEA |
RG-74A/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
3,30 |
4,6 |
10,2 |
15,7 |
PE |
RG-79B/U |
125,0 |
0.74 |
36,0 |
|
|
16,0 |
11,5 |
PE |
RG-83/U |
35,0 |
0.66 |
144,4 |
|
9,2 |
|
10,3 |
PE |
RG-84A/U |
75,0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RG-112 /U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
|
|
45,0 |
4,1 |
PE |
RG-114A/ |
185,0 |
0.66 |
22,0 |
|
|
42,0 |
10,3 |
PE |
RG-122/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
14,80 |
23,0 |
54,2 |
|
|
RG-133A/U |
95,0 |
0.66 |
53,0 |
|
|
|
10,3 |
PE |
RG-141/U |
50,0 |
0.70 |
96,5 |
|
10,8 |
22,6 |
4,9 |
T |
RG-141A/U |
50,0 |
0.69 |
96,5 |
|
10,8 |
22,6 |
4,9 |
T |
RG-142/U |
50,0 |
0.70 |
96,5 |
|
12,8 |
26,3 |
5,3 |
T |
RG-142A/U |
50,0 |
0.70 |
95,0 |
9,00 |
12,8 |
26,3 |
5,0 |
T |
RG-142B/U |
50,0 |
0.70 |
96,5 |
|
12,8 |
26,3 |
5,0 |
T |
RG-164/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
67,0 |
2,00 |
2,8 |
6,4 |
22,1 |
PE |
RG-174/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
101,0 |
17,00 |
29,2 |
57,4 |
2,6 |
PE |
RG-174A/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
21,70 |
29,2 |
57,4 |
2,5 |
PE |
RG-177/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
2,03 |
3,1 |
7,9 |
22,7 |
PE |
RG-179B/U |
75,0 |
0.70 |
|
|
|
|
2,5 |
T |
RG-180B/U |
95,0 |
0.70 |
|
|
|
|
3,7 |
T |
RG-187A/U |
75,0 |
0.70 |
|
|
|
52,5 |
2,8 |
T |
RG-188A/U |
50,0 |
0.70 |
95,0 |
17,00 |
37,4 |
54,8 |
2,8 |
T |
RG-195A/U |
95,0 |
0.70 |
|
|
|
|
3,9 |
T |
RG-196A/U |
50,0 |
0.70 |
95,0 |
27,00 |
43,0 |
95,0 |
2,0 |
T |
RG-212/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
6,20 |
8,9 |
19,4 |
8,4 |
PE |
RG-213/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
97,0 |
3,20 |
6,3 |
13,5 |
10,3 |
PE |
RG-213/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
97,0 |
3,20 |
6,0 |
13,0 |
10,3 |
PE |
RG-213/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
101,0 |
3,20 |
7,0 |
13,5 |
10,3 |
PE |
RG-213/U |
52,0 |
0.66 |
101,0 |
4,30 |
6,2 |
13,5 |
10,3 |
PE |
RG-213foam |
50,0 |
0.772 |
73,0 |
1,95 |
|
11,6 |
10,3 |
PEF |
RG-213 |
50,0 |
0.66 |
101,0 |
2,45 |
|
|
10,3 |
PE |
RG-214/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
4,90 |
7,6 |
16,4 |
10,8 |
PE |
RG-214 US |
50,0 |
0.66 |
101,0 |
3,20 |
5,7 |
13,0 |
2,1 |
PE |
RG-215/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
101,0 |
4,30 |
6,2 |
13,5 |
2,1 |
PE |
RG-216/U |
75,0 |
0.66 |
67,0 |
5,30 |
7,6 |
15,8 |
10,8 |
PE |
RG-217/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
3,90 |
4,6 |
10,2 |
13,8 |
PE |
RG-218/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
2,03 |
3,1 |
7,9 |
22,1 |
PE |
RG-219/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
2,03 |
3,1 |
7,9 |
|
PE |
RG-220/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
96,8 |
1,50 |
2,3 |
6,1 |
28,5 |
PE |
RG-221/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
1,50 |
2,3 |
6,1 |
30,0 |
PE |
RG-222/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
30,50 |
42.7 |
85,3 |
5,5 |
PE |
RG-223/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
101,0 |
10,50 |
15,8 |
32,8 |
5,3 |
PE |
RG-224/U |
50,0 |
0.66 |
100,0 |
3,30 |
4,6 |
10,2 |
15,6 |
PE |
RG-225/U |
50,0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RG-302/U |
75,0 |
0.70 |
69,0 |
|
|
|
5,2 |
T |
RG-303/U |
50,0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RG-316/U |
50,0 |
0.70 |
95,0 |
17,00 |
28,0 |
|
2,6 |
T |
RG-331/U |
50,0 |
0.78 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
RG-332/U |
50,0 |
0.78 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
RG-7612 |
25,0 |
0.696 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aircom + |
50,0 |
0.84 |
84,0 |
1,80 |
3,3 |
7,4 |
10,3 |
PEA |
Aircell-7 |
50,0 |
0.83 |
74,0 |
3,70 |
6,9 |
|
7,3 |
PEA |
Bamboo 3 |
75,0 |
0.89 |
|
|
1,9 |
|
17,5 |
PEA |
Bamboo 6 |
75,0 |
0.88 |
|
|
3,7 |
|
10,5 |
PEA |
CAF1,1/5,3 |
75,0 |
0.82 |
54,0 |
2,90 |
5,3 |
|
7,4 |
PEF |
CAF1,6/7,3 |
75,0 |
0.82 |
54,0 |
2,10 |
3,9 |
|
9,8 |
PEF |
CAF1,9/8,8 |
75,0 |
0.82 |
54,0 |
1,70 |
3,2 |
|
11,3 |
PEF |
CAF2,5/11,4 |
75,0 |
0.82 |
54,0 |
1,40 |
2,6 |
|
13,9 |
PEF |
CAF3,7/17,3 |
75,0 |
0.82 |
54,0 |
0,91 |
1,7 |
|
20,3 |
PEF |
CF1/2" |
50,0 |
0.82 |
82,0 |
1,28 |
2,4 |
|
16,0 |
PEF |
CF1/2" |
60,0 |
0.82 |
68,0 |
5,80 |
3,1 |
|
16,0 |
PEF |
CF1/2" |
75,0 |
0.82 |
54,0 |
4,90 |
2,6 |
|
16,0 |
PEF |
CF1/4" |
50,0 |
0.82 |
82,0 |
2,40 |
4,5 |
|
10,0 |
PEF |
CF1/4" |
60,0 |
0.82 |
68,0 |
2,30 |
4,3 |
|
10,0 |
PEF |
CF1/4" |
75,0 |
0.82 |
54,0 |
2,30 |
4,3 |
|
10,0 |
PEF |
CF3/8" |
50,0 |
0.82 |
82,0 |
1.9 |
3.5 |
|
12.1 |
PEF |
CF5/8" |
75,0 |
0.82 |
54,0 |
1,00 |
1,9 |
|
19,6 |
PEF |
CF7/8" |
50,0 |
0.82 |
81,0 |
0,71 |
1,4 |
|
28,0 |
PEF |
CF7/8" |
60,0 |
0.82 |
68,0 |
0,69 |
1,3 |
|
28,0 |
PEF |
CF7/8" |
75,0 |
0.82 |
54,0 |
0,69 |
1,3 |
|
28,0 |
PEF |
CT 50/20foam |
50,0 |
0.80 |
|
2,33 |
|
|
10,3 |
|
CX2/6 |
50,0 |
0.63 |
97,0 |
2,80 |
5,3 |
|
|
PE |
CX4/12 |
50,0 |
0.63 |
97,0 |
1,52 |
2,9 |
|
|
PE |
HCF1/2 |
50,0 |
0.75 |
85,0 |
2,00 |
3,7 |
|
13,5 |
PEF |
Heliax
1/2 |
50,0 |
0.88 |
75,0 |
1,24 |
|
|
16,7 |
|
HFE1,5/6,5 |
60,0 |
0.66 |
84,0 |
3,50 |
6,6 |
|
8,8 |
PE |
H100 |
50,0 |
0.84 |
80,0 |
2,10 |
|
8,4 |
9,8 |
PEA |
H155 |
50,0 |
0.79 |
100,0 |
3,40 |
9,4 |
|
5,4 |
PEF |
H500 |
50,0 |
0.81 |
82,0 |
4,10 |
8,7 |
9,8 |
7,0 |
PEF |
H1000 |
50,0 |
0.83 |
|
|
|
|
10,3 |
|
H2000 |
50,0 |
0.80 |
81,6 |
2,20 |
|
|
10,3 |
PEF |
LCF1/2" |
50,0 |
0.87 |
76,0 |
1,23 |
2.3 |
|
16,0 |
PEF |
LCF7/8 |
50,0 |
0.87 |
76,0 |
0,66 |
1,3 |
|
28,0 |
PEF |
LDF4/50A |
50,0 |
0.88 |
77,1 |
|
|
5,0 |
16,0 |
|
3/8" |
50,0 |
0.79 |
|
|
3,9 |
8,1 |
10,3 |
|
TU-165 |
50,0 |
0.70 |
95,0 |
|
|
41,0 |
2,2 |
T |
TU-300 |
50,0 |
0.70 |
95,0 |
|
|
25,0 |
3,6 |
T |
TU-545 |
50,0 |
0.70 |
95,0 |
|
|
14,0 |
6,4 |
T |
Approximate loss in decibels per meter coaxial cable (cable
quality can change the values)
|
Type
|
Loss
(dB/m)
|
External diameter
(mm)
|
Impedance
(Ohms)
|
RG8
|
0.39
|
10.29
|
50
|
RG8X
|
0.6(?)
|
6.15
|
50
|
RG58C
|
0.90
|
4.95
|
50
|
RG59
|
0.51
|
6.15
|
75
|
RG142/RG400
|
0.59
|
4.95
|
50
|
RG174
|
1.39
|
2.8
|
50
|
RG188
|
1.26
|
2.74
|
50
|
RG316
|
1.28
|
2.49
|
50
|
Belden 9913
(RG8/U)
|
0.20
|
10.29
|
50
|
G5RV
ANTENNA
The G5RV is today a very popular dish in the HF bands. Despite widespread
use in these tracks, there are some myths and erroneos concepts relating
to her. This seems to be a part of your own existence. To light the text
"Antenna Compendium, Volume 1, I would like to clarify a few topics about
this versatile antenna, tipping, even some myths erroneously created.
Starting let's hear Louis, G5RV, (the AUTHOR of the project) of West
Sussex, England, recently deceased with 90 years of age: "the G5RV
antenna, with its arrangement of special food, is a multiband antenna fed
in the central part, and can operate efficiently in HF, 3.5 to 28 MHz. Its
dimensions are specifically designed to operate in areas of limited space
(inverted V)but you can "stretch" for reasonably priced 31 metres when
fully operated stretched. Additionally, Louis States that, "Unlike
multiband antennas, in General, the G5RV drawn in full length version was
not designed as a half-wave dipole on frequency lower power operation, but
rather as a long-wire with 3/2 wave fed in downtown 14 MHz, where the
10.36 m of open line work as an impedance transformer 1 : 1. This causes
the feed, with open lines of 75 Ohm coaxial cables or 50/75 Ohms can lead
us to a perfect food in this band, with a consequent very low SWR.
However, in all other HF bands, this section the marrying kind serves as a
makeup, accommodating part of stationary were (components of current and
voltage), which, in certain instances, operating frequency cannot be
completely accommodated in version fully stretched or even V-inverted. The
frequency of the central design of the full-sized version is 14.15 Mhz.
and the dimension of 31.27 is derived from mathematical expression for the
calculation of long-wire antennas, that is:
LENGTH =
149,95(n -0 ,05)/f(MHz)
= (149,95 x 2,95)/14,15
= 31,27 m
where n = the number of half wavelengths of wire (stretched version)
Considering that the entire system will be taken to the resonance
frequency by use of an antenna coupler, in practice, the antenna is cut
with 31 metres. As the antenna does not makes use of "traps" or the dipole
part of the ferrites, same becomes progressively more long (electrically)
with increasing frequency. This effect gives certain advantages over the
use of "traps" or because the ferrites, addition of electrical length, the
largest blood cells wool vertical polar diagram component tend to decrease
as the frequency rises. Thus, from 14 Mhz upwards, good part of the energy
radiated in the vertical plane is made interesting angles on DX.
In addition, changes of polar diagram with increasing frequently tend to a
half-wave dipole typical in 3.5 MHz,a two-phase half-wave on 7 and 10 MHz
and for a long-pattern wire in 14, 18, 21, 24 and 28 MHz. Although the
perfect impedance adjustment with open line 75 ohm or 75 Ohm coaxial at
the entrance to the section the perfect fit is good at 14 MHz, and may
also result in an SWR of 1: 1.8, with 50 Ohm coaxial cable, in this band,
the use of a coupler of impedance instances is required in all other
bands, because the antenna over the section of perfect fit had a reactive
load to feeder, in these other tracks. Thus, the use of the correct
impedance adjuster type instances is essential in order to ensure the
transfer of maximum power to the antenna, from a typical transceiver that
has impedance of 50 ohms (unbalanced) output. Where as the modern
transceivers use protection against high SWR, starting his action from
relations of 2: 1, the coupler will help, too, to release all its power.
Most of these transceivers already possess internally, these automatic
couplers, that lend themselves perfectly for this purpose.
THEORY OF OPERATION
Here follows the general theory of operation. As I cannot attach the file
transmission diagrams, I follow the text of the ARRL "Antenna Compendium,
Volume 1, which is an excellent literature for the fans of antennas (THIS
is NOT an ADVERTISEMENT, JUST a NOTE to the ...) Remember that these
information are part of the theory and the operation itself will depend
upon the installation height over the ground, metal restraints, power
lines, trees, etc.
3.5 MHz
In this range, the antenna acts as a half-wave dipole type shortened, with
roughly 5.18 m. total length. The remainder of section of impedance
matching instance introduces a reactance inevitable for the antenna, from
the point of feed and feed the antenna diagram is effectively equal to a
half-wave dipole in this band.
7
Mhz
The total length, plus the 4.87 m adapter section transform G5RV in a
collinear with 2-phase half-wave, partially folded up. The diagram of
antenna irradiation is higher now than a dipole because of its
characteristics of collinear. The coupling is slightly degraded due to
inevitable reactance level, introduced by the extra length in the adapter
section. This reactance can easily be eliminated with an antenna tuner
(ATU).
10 MHz
In this range, the antenna works like a collinear 2 half-wave. Is very
effective, but the reactance presented to the point of food requires a
good antenna tuner (ATU). The diagram of irradiation is basically
identical to the standard 7 MHz.
14 MHZ
This track is where the G5RV really shines. The antenna is operating as an
antenna 3/2 wavelength, fueled by the Center with a diagram of irradiation
with many wool blood cells, low irradiation angle, around 14 degrees of
elevation, which is very efficient for DX, the most popular of the DX
bands. The antenna features a load resistance of 90 ohms, basically not
showing reactance. The feed with 50 ohm coax cable will introduce a SWR of
1.8: 1, easily engaged by an antenna tuner.
18 MHz
The antenna works as 2 full waves in phase, by combining a lower angle of
irradiation with high bandwidth of a collinear. The load is high
impedance, with fairly low reactance.
21 MHz
In this range, the antenna works as a long-wire with 5/2 wavelength,
fueled by the Centre. This leads to many wool blood cells, low angle of
radiation with high impedance load resistive instance. When properly
attuned to the ATU, becomes a highly effective antenna for Dx 's.
24 MHz
The antenna works, again, as a long-wire with 5/2 waves, but due to the
reversal in the direction of the current, the load is resistive,
approximately equal to load on 14 MHz. Again, the diagram of irradiation
is composed of many blood cells, wool with low irradiation angle.
28 MHz
In this band, the antenna works as a long-wire, 3 wavelengths, Center-fed.
The diagram of irradiation is similar to 21 or 24 MHZ, but with some
advantage, due to the effect of collinear obtained by power of two 3/2
wave antennas in phase. The load is high impedance, with low reactance. In
part 3, it will be discussed the construction of the G5RV.
Are specified the dimensions of the G5RV fully extended in part 1. The
antenna does not need to be necessarily fully extended, but can be
installed as a V-inverted. The center of the antenna should be as high as
possible, obviously, and the adapter section should get off at right angle
to the antenna. It is recommended that the lower section used for the
antenna is copper wire of 2.5 mm², although there are antennas constructed
with copper wire 1.5 mm² that are operating very well. If the antenna is
mounted as V-inverted, the highest angle (inclusive) must not be less than
120 degrees.
THE ADAPTER SECTION
It is recommended that the section's adapter built feeder line open, for
minimum loss, because it always will in presence of SWR. Faced with the
constant presence of stationary were waves, the impedance of the same is
not important. A technique of building satisfying memory to the adapter
section of line open would make their own acrylic separators, plastic or
similar, with low-loss dieletrico. Plastic strips would be cut
approximately 5 inches long and 12 mm. wide, notched to fit the threads of
2.5 mm². Pierce the ends of the tabs in a distance of 1 cm from each end,
to then be able to tie the wires in your position the spacers should be
mounted to each 30 inches.
Another way to do the adapter section would be using tapes to feed the TV
antenna, industrial-grade (not manufactured in Brazil ...) of 300 or 450
ohms, whose section of the wires is, at minimum, AWG20 to AWG16. Open
Windows on the plastic part, avoiding the tapes if twist am, by occasion
of strong winds. Lastly, and less desirable, (although work), is the
commercial television tape. The main disadvantage of this type is the
durability. Drivers of this tape are typically in diameter 22 to 28, and
the quality of the plastic used for the isolation is very low,
deteriorating more quickly in the Sun and rain. The biggest advantage is
that is readily available in electronic stores, grocery and hardware
store. The quality is proportional to the price, if several types are
available. Do not use the "heavy" type (2 isolations), because the
additional protection is not achieved the desired result, especially in
3.5 or 7 MHz.
LENGTH OF THE SECTION IS THE ADAPTOR
The length of the adapter section is half-wave ELECTRICAL OUTLET on 14
MHz. the physical length to use is determined by the following formula:
L = (149,95 x FV)/f(MHz)
where FV is the speed factor of the adapter section. The result is
obtained in meters.
The
speed factor is determined by the type of line
and dielectrics properties of their isolation. For the three types of line
discussed above, the FV (speed factor) is:
OPEN LINE
|
0,97
|
LINE TYPE INDUSTRIAL
TV
|
0,90
|
PARALLEL TAPE TV
|
0,82
|
Replacing the FV on formula and calculate to a frequency of 14.15 MHz, you
Gets the following lengths for the impedance adapter instances.
OPEN LINE
|
10,28 m
|
LINE TYPE INDUSTRIAL TV
|
9,53 m
|
PARALLEL TAPE TV
|
8,69 m
|
The impedance adapter instances is connected to the center of the antenna,
and descend vertically at least 6 meters or more, if possible. From there,
he can be tied or folded, connecting to the same coaxial cable, taking
until the antenna coupler or straight to the equipment if the even own
internal Coupler.
THE POWER LINE
In the original article that described the G5RV antenna, published in
"RSGB BULLETIN", November 1966, it was suggested that, if a coaxial cable
was used to feed the antenna, a balun could be employed to do the required
balancing, right at the base of the adapter section. However, more recent
experiences and a better understanding of the theory of operation of
baluns indicated that such a device was inadequate due to high load
reatance, presented at the base of the adapter section. Consequently, We
Dont USE A BALUN On G5RV.
If a balun is connected to a line with SWR not less than 2:1, their
internal increase losses. the result of this is the heating of ferrite
Toroid, with eventually ¼ ente saturation. Operating saturated, the Toroid
can distort the RF waves, generating harmonic, and, in extreme cases, with
high power, literally destroy the Toroid. An antenna tuner may quietly
accommodate variable loads, cancelling the reatance present, reducing the
energy of harmonic gifts, which, by the nature of multiband G5RV, could be
irradiated. Generally speaking, the existing equipment in modern couplers
engage easily all the bands of the G5RV, with exception of 10 Mhz.
THE
ALTERNATIVE
POWER SYSTEM
Doug DeMaw, W1FB, W1FB's ANTENNA BOOK "of his own, puts the G5RV can be
fed with open line, straight to the ATU. If this is done, the antenna will
load on all tracks without problems. In this case, the ATU should have an
exit to open line, in such a way that make the wedding in all bands. This
would assist in operations, laptops where the operator could use an open
line and a small tuner designed for this kind of lines, carrying on all HF
bands. is an intelligent solution, that would decrease the weight of
equipment to be transported in operations laptops. An interesting open
line length would be 21.9 metres, allowing whole antenna and the open line
were wrapped in a small bucket or spool empty thread, making it easier to
transport.
Finally, if you need a good multiband antenna and discrete for your
station, give a chance to the G5RV.
ARRL "ANTENNA COMPENDIUM", VOLUME 1 / ARRL "W1FB'S ANTENNA NOTEBOOK" / "
W1FB'S ANTENNA NOTEBOOK " / ARRL "W1FB'S NOVICE ANTENNA NOTEBOOK" / TAB
PUBLICATIONS "73 WIRE AND DIPOLE ANTENNA" / EDITORS AND ENGINEERS "RADIO
HANDBOOK"
Using the G5RV 160-10 meters as V-Inverted
The G5RV 160-10 meters, which is a double G5RV (G5RV) x 2, may be used
with better performance at the end of the HF spectrum, configuring it as a
V-inverted. Electrically, the (G5RV) x 2 is a dipole with 3/2 wave dipole
40 meters, or wave 0.75 per side. In this configuration, it will be
bi-directional sharper qualities, with wool directional blood cells more
pronounced. To use a V-Inverted as a multiband HF antenna, the user should
design it to the middle of the desired range. For example, if you want to
use it from 20 to 10 feet, then the angle of pice is computed for the
15-meter band. Using this logic, the length of each side is 2.25
wavelengths, requiring an angle included around 70 degrees.
Using an angle of 70 degrees, will result in an antenna supported by top
with two side Joiners, forming a triangle of 3 equal sides (not the
Rectangle) with "legs" of 3 supports, forming a triangle, with sides of
31.1 metres and base of 50.9 metres. Is a large triangle with height
(highest point) of 17.83 metres. The directivity is along the plane formed
by the sides and height, being bi-directional. Approximate gain, is shown
in the table below, where they are tabulated winnings for top bands from
HF.
FREQUENCY (Mhz)
|
LENGTH
(wave length)
|
GAIN dBd
|
7,0
|
0,75
|
1,5
|
10,1
|
1,1
|
2,5
|
14,0
|
1,5
|
4,5
|
18,1
|
1,8
|
5,3
|
21,0
|
2,25
|
6,0
|
24,9
|
2,6
|
6,5
|
28,0
|
3,0
|
7,0
|
This table of winnings is optimistic, based on the angle of the pice is
correct for the given side length, which does not occur in practice. The
gain will be closer on the 15-meter band, being in the band of 40 m the
least approximate, but at most 1 dBd of difference. the values of this
table are approaching very a small gain directional antenna and the
opening angle could cover, with all certainty, the Brazil, from North to
South. (if mounted in direction East-West).
SOME EXAMPLES Of G5RV
Multiband G5RV antenna is a very popular project in the HF bands. The most
popular of them is configured as a 3/2 wave dipole on 20 meters, and works
as both a shortened dipole or a long-wire fed as collinear, in other
bands. In this configuration, the total length is 31.1 meters, with an
adapter section ranging from 8.53 m to 10.36 m. in some cases, it may be
too long to adapt is their land and are not all that can convince your
neighbors to accept one of his "legs" on your property. In these cases, a
version equivalent to half of the previous one, covering 7 to 28 MHz can
be used. The reciprocal is true: some amateurs would operate at 1.8 MHz,
living on land that accommodate the 62.18 meters required for this version
of the G5RV. Here are some dimensions already calculated, which may be
useful:
BAND (MHZ)
|
1.8 - 28
|
3.5 - 28
|
7.0 – 28
|
NORMAL VERSION
|
62,18 m
|
31,1 m
|
15,54 m
|
FEED
|
|
|
|
OPEN LINE
|
20,56 m
|
10,28 m
|
5,14 m
|
INDUSTRIAL TV TAPE
|
19,06 m
|
9,53 m
|
4,76 m
|
NORMAL TV TAPE
|
17,38 m
|
8,69 m
|
4,34 m
|
INDUSTRIAL TV TAPE is not found in Brazil. If adopted the option NORMAL TV
TAPE (300 OHM TV Ribbon) search for material of good quality. Preferably
adopting the first option, which although a little more cumbersome,
presents great results, especially when working with higher powers (above
200 watts).
The aforementioned antennas working in 6 meters, often without the aid of
antenna tuner!
The antennas listed above, there is a note made by Louis, G5RV, in his
article on "ARRL ANTENNA COMPENDIUM, Volume 1, on the version 7-28 Mhz: it
refers to the city of Evhan, residence of WB2ELB, which supplies it with a
single line, directly built-in coupler your Kenwood and other amateur
radio sites, using the 3.5 version-28 Mhzunder the same conditions.
You can build the power line the open line type in many ways. I suggest,
personally, that you can use the celeron processor as an insulator,
because in addition to their excellent mechanical rigidity has dieletric
very good and great durability, even exposed to lightning storms. I've
been using the same, in some antennas, for years, without any kind of
problems. In case of any doubt, please contact us.
|