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MODULE V - FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS CURRENT AND VOLTAGE What is current? A flow of electrons forced into motion by voltage is known as current. Inside a copper wire, current is carried by small negatively-charged particles, called electrons. The electrons drift in random directions until a current starts to flow. When this happens, electrons start to move in the same direction. The size of the current depends on the number of electrons passing per second. When an emf (voltage) is impressed across a conductor it drives these free electrons away from the negative force toward the positive. This action takes place at near the speed of light, 300,000,000 metres per second although individual electrons do not move far they have a shunting effect. This is similar to a number of cars pulled up at traffic lights when the last vehicle fails to stop and hits the second last vehicle which in turn hits the third last vehicle... The amount of current in a circuit is measured in amperes (amps). Smaller units used in electronics are milli-amps mA (1 / 1,000th of an ampere) and micro-amps uA (1 / 1,000,000th of an ampere). An ampere is the number of electrons going past a certain point in one second.

The quantity of electrons used in determining an ampere is called "coulomb" which one ampere is one coulomb per second. A coulomb is 6,280,000,000,000,000,000 or 6.28 X 10 18 electrons. This is the unit of measuring electrical quantity or charge. Current is represented by the symbol I, and is measured in amperes, or 'amps', A. One ampere is a flow of 6.24 x 1018 electrons per second past any point in a wire. That's more than six million million million electrons passing per second. This is a lot of electrons, but electrons are very small and each carries a very tiny charge. In electronic circuits, currents are most often measured in milliamps, mA, that is, thousandths of an amp. VOLTAGE What is voltage? Voltage should be more correctly called "potential difference". It is actually the electron moving force in electricity (emf) and the potential difference is responsible for the pushing and pulling of electrons or electric current through a circuit. Sources of electromotive force (EMF) or voltage To produce a drift of electrons, or electric current, along a wire it is necessary that there be a difference in "pressure" or potential between the two ends of the wire. This potential difference can be produced by connecting a source of electrical potential to the ends of the wire. As I will explain later, there is an excess of electrons at the negative terminal of a battery and a deficiency of electrons at the positive terminal, due to chemical action. Then it can be seen that a potential difference is the result of the difference in the number of electrons between the terminals. The force or pressure due to a potential difference is termed e.m.f. or voltage. An emf also exists between two objects whenever there is a difference in the number of free electrons per unit volume of the object. If the two objects are both negative, current will flow from the more negatively charged to the less negatively charged when they are connected together. There will also be an electron flow from a less positively charged object to a more positively charged object. The electrostatic field, i.e. the strain of the electrons trying to reach a positive charge or from a more highly negative charge is emf or voltage. It is expressed in units called volts, short for voltage. A volt can be defined as the pressure required to force a current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm. To make this easier to visualise, consider the water pressure (voltage) required to pass a litre of water (current) through a copper pipe of a certain small diameter (resistance). Also try and visualise water going through other pipes of varying diameters (smaller to larger in size). Either the water pressure required would vary or the volume delivered would vary, or both. You have just grasped the basics of ohms law, where E = voltage; I = current in amperes and R = reistance in ohms: This voltage can be generated in many different ways Some examples: Chemical (batteries) e.g. dry cell 1.5V, wet cell storage about 2.1V Electromagnetic (generators) Thermal (heating junctions of dis-similar metals) Piezoelectric (mechanical vibration of certain crystals) Photoelectric (light sensitive cells)

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