The ARRL List of countries after the war, is the official standard used by DXCC (DX century Club). To qualify for the prize of the DXCC, have to submit a candidate for confirmations of at least 100 different countries with numbered made after November 15, 1945 as DXCC rules after wars.

The of QSL Cards should be sent to the DXCC for valuation and so will be issued the certificate from the club and returned the of QSL Cards (usually they return, but there are cases that are not returned or returned in part).

There are other types of contests and clubs that subsequently we'll be putting listings and qualification for each of them. The main difference between the clubs and the answer, is that the clubs you have to meet a certain goal, a certain number of countries or only cios and confirms them.

From that moment on, you are qualified to the particular Club. The answer has as main characteristic the technical test and measure of propagacao in certain tracks. Another characteristic of question is disclosure of commemorative dates, organizations, and countries.

The answer at the bottom becomes a big competition in amateur radio operators from around the world, because normally the contacts are made with sequence number and are created various types of classification, being per track used, for many operators and modes of operation.

To further enhance this dispute, are the first awards data placed in all class types and classification. for this reason the dispute are also called contests exactly by the disputes. The confirmations of contacts are crossed by the reports that are sent to the organizers of the event and from these reports and logs are confirmed which operators who have obtained more contacts in each category.

There are some criteria of classification according to the contest, depending on station key actions that are attributed by the organizers of the contest and countries contacted. There are some multipliers for these stations, so the operator that obtains the highest number of points wins the first place in the classification of the contest.

See the updated list of countries valid for the DXCC ARRL Web site.

You might say so generic, "DX", in amateur radio, is the constant demand, in communicating the vast distance, composing with other countries or places far more points and having greater difficulty in conducting the contact.

For there was a parameter of Organization for the pursuit of these contacts the drop distance, internationally known as a list of countries, published by ARRL-American Radio Relay League, as a formal parameter of locales that, for the purposes of "DX", would be considered as countries.

This list is constantly adapted to transformations of technical order, social policy in such a way that it always has this updated list of countries valid for purposes of "DX".

In this way, from time to time, are removed and plus official listing, new countries, as also adding and withdrawals of prefixes codes of various countries listed.

"DX-CC" is a certificate that proves and attests that the amateur radio supplicant worked and received confirmation from 100 countries around the world.

The virtue of operation of "DX" be, in reality, a competition and, by nature, every contest must have a assumption challenge of performance improvement, it can be said that the operation "DX" is a competition that has no end, because constantly creates new countries, for the purposes of DXCC, create new complexities in the various certificates in such a way that the "DX-MAN" must always be surpassing their earlier mark.

After Having achieved the certificate of DXCC, the DX-MAN can apply for the following certificates under it: DXCC-CW, SSB or mixed, 5BDXCC - 100 countries in each of the 5 bands (80, 40, 20, 15 and 10 meters).

The ARRL maintains very strict rules in connection with the acceptance of the expedition as valid, for the purpose of country, and the main parameters for this judgment, are characterized by the authorization certified by the competent authorities of that country to use prefix in expedition; geographical location of the locality within the parameters of the minimum distance established by the ARRL.

The TITLE of CURIOSITY, WE ANALYZING the official list of the ARRL, NOTING that in BRAZIL CAN BE COMPUTED 4 countries: BRAZIL, ARCHIPELAGO of FERNANDO DE NORONHA, TRINDADE ISLAND and Islands SAINT Peter and SAINT PAUL.

The international competitions are competitions, almost always 48 hours, where the parameters of points and score, are a consequence of the largest possible number of QSOs, with largest number of multipliers (countries or areas) under certain special conditions.

The main international dispute today are: Word Wide DX Contest and WPX Contest, promoted by the magazine CQ-Magazine: WAEDC, promoted by Germany: ARRL Contest, sponsored by the American Radio Relay Leage: 40 meters SSB Word Championship, promoted by the magazine 73, of the United States: Scandinavian Contest, promoted by Sweden ITU promoted by Brazil.

Among the main tools include:

·    good equipment, with de-emphasis on selectivity in reception and, above all, the great radiant system with remote VFO to SPLIT operation;

·    be at least one subscriber newsletter of "DX".

·    Have map orientative antenna targeting for the various regions and areas of the world, for communication via short side and via the long side;

·    Keep a well-organized archive of countries worked, QSL sent and received QSLs, to always have the hand and immediately the information if the station lacks ear at the moment or not.

·    Have, if possible, of DX-edge, graphics statements of conditions of propagation via short path and via long way, for the whole world;

·    Lay out the publication of the Brazilian Navy, MUF, which constitutes the graphics maps with the determinants of maximum frequency usable for several hours GMT on the day;

·    Provide information about the achievements of major international dispute and participate, at least as listen, because usually some shipping and rare figurines appear in these events;

·    Disposal of information NET of regular DX worldwide;

·    Frequently entering DX wheels, to gather information from expeditions or rare countries;

·    Be good QSLs to payer be good receiver of QSLs, adopting the practice, for expeditions, rare or countries send their QSL accompanied by postage stamps -coupons résponse- and envelope filled to refund the DX QSL worked for airway;

·    In addition to all the instruments above, the patience, successful perseverance and listen are, undoubtedly, the main instruments for an operation of DX.

The communications from HF, as you all know, if they do, to larger distances, through reflection of waves of radio communication in the ionosphere.

This phenomenon of reflection on the ionosphere allows contacts with a reflection or more and, logically, the higher the number of reflections, the greater is the loss by prevent uptake in the Act of reflection, whether in the ionosphere, both in ground layer. This phenomenon determines the following statements have:

·    the higher the layer of the ionosphere, the greater distance can be achieved in each of the reflections;

·    the distance between the ionized layer and the earthling caria between 110 and 330 km;

·    the smaller the angle of radiation of the antenna system, wider distances can be catered for in the same number of reflections;

·    the higher the level of ionization, have smaller absorption of reflection;

·    Sunspots influence directly on ionization of layers of reflection;

·    greater ionization coincides with the peak of sunspots;

·    a cycle of solar effects refers to a period of 10 to 11 years;

·    the phenomena of ionization of the atmosphere, in consequence of sunspots, determine the various times for the various positions geographically, the maximum usable frequencies(MFU);

·    contacts at frequencies above the MFU are theoretically impossible;

·    the smaller they are the effects of sunspots on ionization, the smaller will be the maximum frequency of utilization;

·    in view of this phenomenon, the propagation in low frequency references (3.5 and 7 Mhz or 80 and 40 meters) improves considerably in periods of low solar activity;

·    ideal frequencies of operation of radio communications in amateur radio wide distance are in the range of 15% below the maximum frequency usable (OWF);

Another tremendously important instrument in communications from DX is an immediate preview of dark and light areas from all over the globe, determining, in this way, and based on the MUF, the ideal forms of contact with the given station.

For all these reasons, it is recommended to you, amateur radio:

·    your microphone is the vehicle of his word and of his thought;

·    that his words are being heard in Brazil and abroad;

·    that, than say, will depend upon the concept that each listener will make the Brazilian amateur radio;

·    You cannot escape the good ethics of terminology that does not come to harm with less elegant expressions and words of sense wrong, the susceptibility of listening;

·    If your words are not heavy and measures, can they not make a wrong impression of all radio amateurs of a region or country;

·    that if a measure or attitude of organs does not please you, if an error or fault in causing troubles, a little nervous, not the feelings on track, make it in writing to the body responsible;

·    the critical you make by a microphone, nothing builds on, unlike make the same lose consideration public, beyond the terrible example of indiscipline given how many listen to him;

·    You should not confuse freedom democratic practice with licentiousness;

·    You should never queue with those who, for unknown reasons, seeking all denigrate, debase and confuse, a profitability analysis the overpowering of lack of patriotism and of brazilianness;

·    We must always bear in mind the conditions under which it was granted the privilege of owning a transmitter, privilege that not all countries provide to their citizens;

·    that amateur radio discipline must be observed in all its fullness, as the amateur radio is gentleman, loyal, progressive, cordial, showing solidarity and Patriot;

·    that amateur radio should never claim a unique channel, accepting with humility and chivalry any experiences interference;

·    that amateur radio should never tune the transmitter in frequently occupied, there may be an ongoing important announcement;

·    that, as much as possible, in the operations of CW, should not the amateur radio bands move reserved exclusively for this purpose;

·    that should not leave the colleague with whom you communicated for the first time, waiting indefinitely the confirmation of "QSO". QSL Exchange is a social rule;

·    the call sign is your personal characteristic and therefore should not be omitted in QSOs, but shall be mentioned in full, ALWAYS;

·    that, in all communications which perform, should show himself friendly, interested and sympathetic; the way to do things is as important as the things that must be done;

·    that should help the less experienced; amateur radio is a school in the broadest expression of the term;

·    that should make the amateur radio a fun, social and instructive sound, because the radio amateurs are tuned to the same goal and synchronize the same ideals of peace, harmony and progress.

The saying goes that "the discussion is born to light" or that "in the discussion is that if you know the education ... Or lack thereof ". If we bring to our environment we can say that it is during the DX contests, DXpeditions and etc, we know the ETHICS and EDUCATION is that of radio amateurs participating.

Popular Electronics magazine account that an experienced colleague of ours, glittering star of DX, champion of international competitions recently "tried to" participate in a Brazilian competition. That our colleague that in international competitions can within one week 5,000 contacts do not get even 10 QSOs during a period of 5 hours. Absurd as it was subjected to real massacre! The result is that vowed never to participate in any national competition. NEVER AGAIN! ...

It is very natural that contests participants wish to obtain good results, great performance, but it never should be reason to TYPE the ETHICS and morality.

In the hope that we can contribute to the success of each is that we prepare this article where we will comment some topics that we consider interesting and useful for everyone:

  Ever bicorar in a simple exchange rate pass-through by calling one of the competitors before it was closed the QSO or even after completed the exchange of messages. Wait for a new call.

   If the often "belongs" to another colleague, we should release her immediately after scoring the "blip", doing a QSY.

  When do we have to avoid the vicinity of QSY frequency of colleague in order to not damage it in your QSOs.

  Avoid operation with high wattage in an attempt to "cover" the others and be heard, use more power only when it is really needed.

  Before calling a DX, CQ-CONTEST (CQ-TEST), listen carefully to the frequency chosen. Sometimes the frequently this already occupied by a station whose signals are received with some difficulty because of remote location or be operating in QRP mode.

  If you listen to a "card" in end of QSO, before you call her NOTICE of who is the top priority at frequently; If another colleague, wait your turn.

  Defend yourself from the "aggressors" without hurting the ethics: if any colleague call it outside those standards, simply do the accounts that are not heard.

Note: many participants of competitions record in a "blacklist" these aggressors and simply cease to have reception for them. Sometimes a simple CW is enough to let the aggressor on the hanger.

 

Some other minimal knowledge and care are needed to enable success in our DXs. Next, we show them in a simple and within reach of a novice:

  There are reasonable conditions of propagation for long distance;

  Meet entirely fonetico code, at least the international;

  Be aware at least of the key expressions used in the English language;

  Is necessary to meet the RST system and report correctly the signals received;

  Attention to the moment and the correct way to pass and receive the word;

  Always observe the registration of contacts using the UTC time or ZULU (Brasília time +3:0);

  Keep, always at hand, the world list of prefixes (to know which country is being contacted). Click here to see updated list of global prefixes;

  Always send the QSL Card;

  In the case of contest or diploma, meet its rules, filling out the respective LOG;

  There are two ways to start a statement calling General DX: DX (CQ, CQ, CQ DX DX DX) or answering/challenging the a general call DX.;

  It is perfectly possible to keep DX with several countries using the Portuguese language only among the countries of South America, Central America and Caribbean, with the exception of Brazil, the vast majority of countries speak the Spanish language. On the European continent, in addition to Portugal, have some facility with the hams of Spain and early Portuguese numbers scattered across the continent, particularly in France and Belgium. Already on the African continent since some countries of Portuguese language, such as: Angola, action ores, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Sao Tome and wood. There are still the countries of Spanish language, such as: Balearic, Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melillia. On the Mainland Asian can enumerate the Macau and, in Oceania, East Timor;

  The conditions of propagation for long distance, occur according to the band to be used. US 160, 80 and 40 meters it usually happens overnight. In other HF bands (30, 20, 17, 15, 12 and 10 meters) she can vary throughout the day (24 hours), both in direction and intensity.

We believe that followed these simple little rules the participation in DX, national or International Competitions, specials and QSLs etc., soon will be disciplined and not will happen on drawback of several colleagues even before the beginning of these events!

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