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Page 476 methods, 388 naming, 387 root objects, 387 rooted hierarchies, 386-387 runtime, 17 bugs, 299 errors, finding, 101 runtime types, 299 S. saving files, 11, 348 scope, global, 68 scoping operator (::), 340 self-assigned addition operator (+=), 46 semicolon (;), 41, 126 setting aside memory, 28 setting up environment variables, 15 include path, 15 shallow copies, 200, 216 shared functionality, 299 sharing knowledge, 393 short int variables, 29 short signed integers, 30 short unsigned integers, 30 short variable types, 35 short variables (size), 40 shorthand invocations, 333 signatures (functions), 25, 261 signed integers, 30 signed short variables (size), 35 signed variable types, 30 signed variables, wrapping around, 36-37 simple text files (writing programs), 11 simple windows, 11 simulations, 376 singly linked lists, 302 size class methods, 98 class objects, 98 cubby holes, 28 objects (user-created), 178 variables, 29, 32 determining, 30 signed short, 35 unsigned long, 35 unsigned short, 35 sizeof() function, 30 slash (/) (division operator), 45 slash-star (/*) comments, 22, 26 slicing, 273-275 solution space, 378 SomeFunction(), 99 source code, 11 files, 348 intermediate, 355 preprocessors, 347-348 turning into programs, 12 source files, 11 spaghetti code, 112 stack, 78, 234 cleaning, 144 frames, 80 functions, 80 last-in first-out, 78 local variables, 80, 143 pointers, 79 return type, 80 standard C++, 10 Standard Template Library (STL), 420 star-slash (*/) comments, 22, 26 statements, 41-44, 62. See also commands; functions, prototypes; operators #define, 111, 348. See also loops assert(), 359, 439 break, 115-117 catch, 429 catch(), 429 compound, 42 continue, 115-117 cout (string constants), 239 default, 429 expressions, 43 evaluating, 43-44 examples, 43 functions, 25, 69 if, 51 braces, 55-57 complex, 53-55 inline, 76 logical AND, 57-58 logical NOT, 58 logical OR, 58 null (for loops), 123-125 precompiler, 348 print, 249 programming tips, 43 return, 25, 65, 71 switch, 127, 429 example, 128-129 indenting, 435 syntax, 127-128 typedef, 338-339 watch, 371 whitespace, 42 static data, 345 static member data, 317-320 static member functions, 320, 345 static member variables, 318 STL (Standard Template Library), 420 stored objects, 387-388 storing addresses (pointers), 137 arrays free store, 234-235 stack, 234 data (arrays), 225 functions, 299 memory addresses (this pointer), 155 stray pointers, 156 strcpy() function, 241-242 String classes, 242, 325-327 string substitutions, 348 stringizing operator (#), 355-356 strings, 239-240 constants (cout statements), 239 defining, 349 functions for dealing with, 241 manipulating, 355 substituting, 352-353 strncpy() function, 241-242 struct keyword, 109 structured programming, 6-7 stubbing out, 249 style (writing code), 434 subscript operator, 235-236 subscripts arrays, 225-226 multidimensional arrays, 231-232
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