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Page 475 program requirements, determining, 377, 384-385 programming large groups, 392-393 object-oriented, 7-9, 402 procedural, 6, 313 structured, 6-7 programming languages assemblers, 6 BASIC, 6 COBOL, 6 history, 5-6 machine language, 6 programs aborting, 429 accessing, 438 designing, 10, 102, 376, 388, 393 80/80 rule, 390 analysis phase, 377, 384-385 buy/build question, 389 classes, 379, 385-386, 390-391 conceptualization phase, 377, 383 design questions, 393-394 files, 389 high-level, 377-378 low-level, 377 multiple inheritance, adding, 386 objects, determining, 385 ongoing considerations, 393 parallel hierarchies, 385 prototypes. See prototypes, 389-390 required objects, determining, 378 requirements, determining, 377, 384-385 simulations, 376 use cases, 377 executable, turning object files into, 12 executing, 23 invalid, 167 text, writing, 435-436 translating (interpreters), 6 turning source code into, 12 whitespace, 60 writing, 11 protected access, 438 protected functions, 252 protected keywords, 252 protected members, 252 prototypes, 64-65, 389 architecture, 390 building, 389-390 functionality, 390 functions, 63-65, 73 functions, 25, 62 interface design, 390 pThree (pointer to constant), 157 pTwo (constant pointer), 157 public access, 438 public accessor methods, 320, 329 public data members, 89-90 public functions, 266 public member data, 98 pure virtual functions, 289-290, 294, 297-299 declaring, 290 implementing, 291, 294 overriding, 298 Q-R quick windows, 11 r-values, 44-45 raising exceptions, 427-428 reading past end of arrays, 238 reassigning references, 165-166 redirection symbol (<<), 15 reference indicators, 436 references, 162, 166, 175 addresses, 163 advantages, 185 assigning, 165-166 copy constructors, 200 creating, 162-163 creating aliases, 166 disadvantages, 185 initializing, 162-164, 199 null, 167 objects, 166 passing, 180, 183-185, 190 passing by (exceptions), 429, 433 passing objects by, 329 passing values, 167-168 multiple, 172, 174-175 reassigning, 165-166 returning (nonexistent objects), 185-187, 190 swap() function, 170-171 when to use, 185 registers, 79, 143 relational expressions, 50 relational operators, 50, 58-60 relational precedence, 58-59 reserved keywords, 445-446 reserving memory (free store), 144 resources, allocating, 423 responsibility, delegating, 303, 310 return addresses (functions), 80 return keyword, 71 return statements, 25, 65, 73 return types, 24, 63 functions, 65 int, 65 overloading, 75 void, 65 stacks, 80 returning functions values, 71-73, 78 void, 71, 78 memory to free store, 145 multiple values, 172 objects, 177, 187-189 pointers, 189 references (nonexistent objects), 185-187, 190 temporary objects, 210 values, 24 functions, 65 main() function, 21-23 voids, 24 reusability, 7-8 rich text format, 391 root classes, 386 common, 386 data, 388
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