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Page 477 substituting #define command for constants, 348 predefined macros, 357 strings, 352-353 text, 38 substitution (macros), 355 substitution strings, 352-353 swap() function, 70-71 changing parameters, 171 pointers, 168-170 references, 170-171 switch statements, 127, 429 example, 128-129 indenting, 435 syntax, 127-128 symbolic constants, 38-40 syntactic bugs, 422 syntax (derivation), 250 T tables (virtual), 299 tail nodes, 302-304, 309 TailNode object, 313 targets, 162. See also references template classes, defining, 404 template functions, 420 templates, 403-404, 420 creating types. See also instantiation, 404 items, passing, 412, 419 overcoming macro problems, 355 parameterized types, 404 temporary objects copy constructors, 178 destroying, 178 returning, 210 terminate() functions, 429 text, substituting, 38 text editors, 16 built-in (compilers), 17 compilers, 11 text files, 16 text strings, 21 this pointer, 154-155 calling, 154 creating, 156 deleting, 156 examining, 216-218 storing memory addresses, 155 throwing exceptions, 424, 427-428 tilde (~), 94, 199 time bombs, 156 _TIME_macro (predefined), 357 tokens, 348 translating code/programs, 6 transmitting information about problems (exceptions), 424 trees (linked lists), 302 true values, 59-60 truth, 50 try blocks, 424, 428 type definition (typedef), 34-35 pointers to functions, 338-339 typedef statement, 338-339 types, 85-86 bool, 50 creating, 86, 404 variables, 28-31 declaring, 135 long, 35 short, 35 signed, 30 unsigned, 30 U unary operators, 212-214, 435. See also Increment operator #undef command, 352 undefining, 352 uninitialized array elements, 243 character arrays, 239 unnecessary fragility bugs, 422 unsigned integers, 30 unsigned variable types, 30 unsigned variables long, 35 short, 35 wrapping around, 36 unwinding call stack, 429 use cases, 377 user-created objects, 178 user-defined objects, 200 user-defined variables, 218 V v-pointer, 272 v-table, 272, 279 value passing objects by, 328 returning (functions), 71-73 values accessing, 138 assigning, 94 changing, 168-170 deep copies, 200 default advantages, 198, 204 declaring, 196-198 overloaded functions, 205 when to use, 198 enumerated constants, 39 false, 59-60 incremented, 210 interim, printing, 364-365, 371 members (changing objects), 100 multiple returning, 172 passing pointers, 172-173 passing references, 172-175 original, 210 passing, 73, 180 objects, 273-275 parameters, 190 pointers, 167-170 references, 167-168 pointers, 142 returning, 24 functions, 65, 78 main() function, 21-23 true, 59-60 variables, 28, 33 variables, 27, 87, 139. See also data members addresses, 28
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