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Page 471 delete, 145-146 enum, 39 inline, 76, 102 new, 144 protected, 252 return, 71 struct, 109 typedef, 34-35 knowledge, 387, 393. See also data l-values, 44-45 less than operator (<), 50-51 less than or equal to operator (<=), 50-51 levels debugging, 366, 369 defining, 366 libraries, 13 line length (writing code), 435 _LINE_ macro (predefined), 357 link-time, 17 linkable files, 13 linked lists, 302, 309-314 allocating, 309 Compare() method, 309 creating, 303 delegating responsibility, 310 doubly linked, 302 nodes, inserting, 310-312 singly linked, 302 trees, 302 linkers, 6 linker-time, 17 turning object files into executable programs, 12 linking, 6 List objects (parameterized), declaring, 404-405 listings. See code listings lists linked, 302-303, 309-314 nodes, 304 objects, adding, 314 parameterized, 411-412 literal constants, 37, 40 local variables, 66, 70-71, 81 free store, 143 stacks, 80, 143 locations, determining (catch blocks/try blocks), 428 logic bugs, 422 logical AND statement, 57-58 logical NOT statement, 58 logical operators, 57-59 logical OR statement, 58 long int variables, 29 long variable types, 35 long variables, 40 loops, 111 dowhile, 119-120 event, 380, 382 for, 121 empty, 124-126 example, 122 multiple initialization, 122-123 null statements, 123-125 sequence of operations, 122 goto disadvantages, 112 example, 111-112 infinite, 310, 380 nesting, 126-127 programming tips, 118 while break statement, 115-117 complex expressions, 114-115 continue statement, 115-117 simple example, 113 while(true), 117-118, 380 low-level program designing, 377 M machine language, 6 macro functions, 352-353, 370 macros advantages, 355 assert() compiler-provided, 357 DEBUG, 357-358 writing, 357-358 bugs, 370 debugging, 355 managing, 355 names, 370 parameters, 353 parentheses, 353-355 predefined, 357 problems, 355 substitution in, 355 main() function, 21-26, 61, 70-71, 351 returning values, 21-23 maintaining code, 60-62 managing macros, 355 manipulating addresses (pointers), 141 data classes, 242 pointers, 139-141 strings, 355 mathematical operators, 45-46 member access operator (.), 166 member data accessing, 166, 229 classes, 322 normal, 318 private, 98 public, 98 static, 317, 319-320 member functions, 87. See also methods constructors, 94-95 default values, declaring, 196-198 pointers, 340-342 arrays, 342-344 creating, 340 static, 320, 345 virtual (calling), 271 member operator (.), 94, 229 member variables, 87. See also data members initializing, 199 member-wise copies, 200 static, 318 member-wise copies, 200, 216 members, 87. See also data members contained (filtering access), 328 contained classes, 328
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