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Page 472 copying (shallow copies), 216 private, 252 protected, 252 memory addresses, 28, 134, 145 pointers, 134 storing (this pointer), 155 allocating, 201-204 class constructors, 152-154 compilers, 135 deep copies, 216 free store, 189 functions, 190 methods, 152-154 new keyword, 144 arrays, 233 creating, 145, 190 deleting, 152-154, 216 free store, 143, 234 reserving, 144 returning to, 145 freeing, 190, 238 passing between functions, 189 pointers, 134, 189 setting aside, 28 stack, 234 stacks, 78 variables, 27 memory leaks, 145-147, 188-189, 216, 238 memory locations (cubby holes), 28 methods, 87 accessing, 283 accessor, 90, 294, 392 acquiring (derived classes), 387 allocating memory, 152-154 base, calling, 264-265 base class, hiding, 262 class, 94. See also constructors declaring, 91 defining, 91 size, 98 clone, 276-279 Compare(), 309 hiding, 263-264 Invariants(), 360, 364 names, 436 overriding, 260-262 public accessor, 320, 329 root classes, 388 virtual, 267-269, 279, 289 minus sign (-) decrement operator (--), 46 postfix, 46-48 prefix, 46-48 modifying code, 20 modulus operator (%), 45 multidimensional arrays, 231 creating, 233 initializing, 232 subscripts, 231-232 multiple inheritance, 273, 386 multiple return statements, 73 multiple values, returning, 172 multiplication operator (*), 207 N names, 63 arrays, 236-238, 330 functions, 330, 340, 436 identifiers, 436 macros, 370 methods, 436 variables, 436 naming conventions, 88 defined symbols, 352 pointers, 138 root classes, 387 source files, 11 variables, 31-32 negative integers, 30 nesting loops, 126-127 parentheses, 49 new keyword, 144 not equals operator (!=), 50-51 node objects, 314 nodes, 302-304, 314 head, 302-304, 309 inserting, 310-313 internal, 304, 313 tail, 302-304, 309 non-pure virtual functions, 294, 297-298 non-root classes, 386 nonexistent objects, 185-187 normal member data, 318 numbers base 7, 449 base 8, 448-449 base 10, 447-449 binary, 450-451 hexadecimal, 452-455 null references, 167 null characters, 239 null objects, 167 null pointers, 137, 145, 167 null statements for loops, 123-125 numbering arrays, 238, 243 nybbles, 451 O object code, 6 object files, 12 object-oriented analysis, 402 design, 402 development data hiding, 8 encapsulation, 8 inheritance, 8 polymorphism, 8-9 programming, 7-9, 402 objects, 435 accessing, 154-155 free store, 151-152 adding (lists), 314 calling destructors, 178-180 changing value of members, 100 cin, 21, 26 class (size), 98 classes, compared, 88-89 const (declaring pointers), 157-159 constant, 157 copying, 177, 200 cout, 20-21, 26
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