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Page 470 H H files, 20 handling errors, 423 has-a relationships, 105, 108 head nodes, 302-304, 309 header files (.HPP), 102, 351, 438 headers, 24 functions, 64 class method definitions, 101 names, 24 parameters, 24-25 return types, 24 HeadNode object, 313 heap, 143, 235-236, 187-189. See also free store HELLO.CPP program, 13-15, 19-20 hexadecimal numbers, 452-455 hiding base class functions, 280 base class methods, 262 methods, 263-264 hierarchies complex, 294, 297-298 creating (classes), 286, 289 inheritance, 386 objects, 387 parallel, 385 rooted, 386-387 high-level program designing, 377-378 .HPP files (header files), 102, 351, 438 human-readable form, 11 hyphen (-) decrement operator (--), 46 postfix, 46-48 prefix, 46-48 I IDE (integrated development environment), 12, 101, 348 defining from, 352 examining intermediate files, 348 identification numbers (objects), 388 identifiers, 436 #ifdef command, 349, 352 #ifndef command, 349, 352 if statements, 51-53 braces, 55-57 complex, 53-55 implementation files (.CPP), 351 implementing pure virtual functions, 291, 294 #include directive, 20, 26, 62, 348 include files, 20 include path, 15 inclusion, 351-352 inclusion guards, 351 increment operator (++), 46, 212-214 overloading, 208, 210 postfix, 46-48 prefix, 46-48 incremented values, 210 incrementing pointers, 236 indenting switch statements, 435 index operator ([]), 229 indexing arrays (pointers), 238 indicating precedence, 435 indirection, 138 indirection operator (*), 138, 142 infinite loops, 310, 380 inheritance, 8, 247-248, 251, 266, 290, 420 multiple, 386 potential problems, 281 public, 252 virtual methods, 289 hierarchies, 386 initializing arrays, 228-229 constants, 37, 199 constructors, 199, 205 enumerated constants, 39 functions, 289-290 pointers, 137 references, 162-164, 199 variables, 33-34, 94 defining, 94 member, 199 inline class methods, 102 inline functions, 102-104 declaring, 76-78 disadvantages, 76 inline statements, 76 inserting nodes, 310-313 instantiating ADTs, 289, 298 objects, 298 instantiation, 404 int, 223 return types, 65 variables, 29, 185 int(), 222 integers negative, 30 positive, 30 integrated development environment (IDE), 12, 101, 348 defining from, 352 examining intermediate files, 348 InteralNode object, 313 interface design prototypes, 390 interfaces, designing, 102, 388. See also class declarations interim values, printing, 364-365, 371 intermediate files, 348 intermediate source code, 355 internal nodes, 304, 313 interpreters, 6 invalid programs, 167 Invariants() method, 360, 364 invocations (shorthand), 333 invoking functions. See functions, calling virtual functions, 273-275 is-a relationships, 248, 254 iteration. See loops J-L KB (kilobytes), 451 keywords, 32, 436, 445-446 access control, 91 class, 87 const, 99, 109, 156, 260, 348
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