The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimates that for every 1 % loss Ozone causes 50,000 new cases of skin cancer and 100,000 new cases of blindness caused by cataracts worldwide. It is therefore important that all take more care. It is a health issue. Who abuse will suffer the consequences. Without the ozone layer sunburn becomes 50 times stronger. In some regions, it has been detected rays UV-B levels five times higher than normal. The consequences of this excessive radiation are tremendous, and the aforementioned reduction in biodiversity, where we find the seriously endangered marine life, especially the plankton (microscopic plants and animals) that live in the sea surface. These tiny organisms are at the base of the marine food chain and absorb more than half of the carbon dioxide (CO2) from the planet.

The Rays Ultra -violet emitted by the sun are endowed with tremendous amount of energy and if not barred in the atmosphere can cause the death of living organisms. Humans are not the only ones affected by ultra- violet rays. All forms of life including plants can be weakened. Among the preventive and educational measures adopted in the United States the creation is included in 1994, the forecast Ultraviolet Index ( UVI ) , distributed nationally, the press of that country. Subsequently, the countries of Europe, Canada and Australia joined the dissemination of the UVI, and now Brazil.

Various chemicals destroy the ozone when they react with it. The blacklist of harmful products to the Ozone layer includes nitric and nitrous oxides expelled by the exhaust of vehicles and the CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels such as coal and oil. The great enemies of the Ozone Layer are substances synthesized in the laboratory, such as bromine and chlorine molecules released into the atmosphere due to industrial goods and technology. The main of these substances are CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) , HCFCs ( hydro chlorofluorocarbons ) and methyl bromide - present in wide range of products , gases for refrigeration, solvents , foams etc.

These gases tend to accumulate in the colder regions of the globe such as the poles and are for decades or even centuries. So the hole in Antarctica is so great. One component of these substances is chlorine, which attacks and destroys thousands of ozone molecules in the stratosphere. The Hole in the Ozone Layer is a phenomenon that has occurred in Antarctica, that is, in the South Pole region. It is a cyclical phenomenon and a violent destruction of ozone in the atmosphere, during the spring of each year when more than half of the layer It is destroyed. On these occasions, the UV-B radiation increases much. As the layer is the only natural protective filter against UV-B radiation, we must be careful because this radiation tends to increase in the coming years. Scientists say the layer has its constant very long time. The Ozone Layer of the time constant is too large, that is, it will only react to a stimulus after decades. The UV-B radiation is being monitored around the world, including Brazil by INPE.

In the 80's started a real war for the preservation of the Ozone Layer, and one of his greatest victories was the signing of the Montreal Protocol. By this treaty, signed in 1987 by several countries, all substances known to CFC ( chlorofluorocarbon ), responsible for the destruction of ozone, would no longer be mass produced . The ozone layer absorbs the Rays Ultraviolet preventing most of them come to us. The temperature of the stratosphere, mostly maintained by a balance between absorption of solar radiation by ozone and emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric ozone, carbon dioxide and water vapor, so destruction of the Ozone Layer also means , elevated temperature of the planet.

"The International Space Station will have an orbital laboratory for long-term research, where one of the main forces of nature, gravity, is greatly reduced. In addition, global research in biology, chemistry, physics, ecology and medicine may be conducted using the most modern tools available. The medical benefits of doing science in space may generate new drugs and a new understanding of life's building blocks. The effects of micro -gravity eliminate the pressure of gravity in experiments here on Earth. Therefore, treatment cancer can be tested in live cell cultures without risk to patients. The researchers also expect a broad understanding of the effects of human exposure to micro -gravity for a long - time.”

The industrial benefits can generate "chip" computer stronger, lighter and more powerful metals. The absence of convection - the currents that cause the rise of air or hot fluids compared to air or cold liquids that go down - in space will allow different materials to be studied more deeply. Fluids and flames behave differently in micro- gravity.

This small difference, however, is critical for maintaining all forms of life on Earth because ozone has the function of protecting the planet from the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. Without this protection, life on Earth would be almost completely extinguished. Ozone has always been more concentrated at the poles than at the equator and the poles it is also located at a lower altitude. For this reason, the regions of the poles are considered favorable for monitoring the density of the ozone layer. Since 1957 measurements are made in the ozone layer above the Antarctic and considered normal values ​​range 300-500 dobsons1. In 1982, however, the scientist Joe Farman, along with other researchers from the British Antarctic Survey, first observed strange disappearances ozone in the air over Antarctica. As they were using equipment already an old well, and the data were collecting were unprecedented, given the large decrease in the concentration of gas (about 20% reduction in the ozone layer), saw fit to wait and make new measurements in another time, with a more modern machine before making public a fact as alarming. In addition, the Nimbus 7 satellite, launched in 1978 with the function just to monitor the ozone layer, there was so far detected nothing unusual about Antarctica.

 Joe Farman and his colleagues continued measuring ozone in Antarctica in the next two years, the period of spring, and found not only that the ozone layer was still decreasing as though this reduction became bigger and bigger. Now they were using new equipment, which pointed to in 1984, a reduction of 30 % in the ozone layer, a figure confirmed by another earth station located 1600 kilometers away. In the following years the ozone concentration continued to fall at the time of spring and, in 1987, it was found that 50 % of stratospheric ozone had been destroyed before a partial recovery occurred with the arrival of the Antarctic summer.

The Nimbus 7 satellite had not detected the first reductions in the ozone layer for a very simple reason: he had not been programmed to detect ozone levels as low. Values ​​below 200 Dobsons were considered read errors, and so were not taken into account... Scientists could not foresee such a drastic change could take place in the natural order, and therefore had not considered this hypothesis.

In a scientific paper written in 1987, Joe Farman stated: "Before 1985 all the atmospheric chemists thought they were on the right track to understanding ozone observations and the models proposed to harmonize observed and projected changes were less than 1% by decade. However, over Antarctica destruction is now 50 % higher than day, and this for a period between 30 and 40 days each year."

 At that time Joe Farman could not even imagine that the destruction still increase more in the coming years, which would widen the hole, that its occurrence would not be restricted to a few days a year, that would appear one second hole in the Arctic and other issues that would arise in globe with decrease in ozone levels.

 Indeed, already in 1987 even minor occurrences were detected, dubbed "mini- holes", which appeared near polar region. Even the Antarctic ozone hole variations presented inconceivable that year: in October had disappeared no less than 97.5 % of ozone detected in August, at an altitude of 16.5 km.

In his book "The Hole in Heaven" published in 1988, John Gribbin states that even if there were not detected the ozone hole in Antarctica, the years 1986 and 1987 have already given plenty of reasons for concern. Satellite measurements showed, even then an  impressive overall decrease in the concentration of stratospheric ozone around the globe. "This reduction had already reached the southern South America, Australia and New Zealand, the latter with a decrease of 20%. Switzerland also expressed concern at the time when measurements with instruments on the ground revealed a thinning of the ozone layer over the country.

 In 1991, NASA announced that the stratospheric ozone over the Antarctic had reached the lowest level so far recorded 110 Dobsons to an expected level of 500 Dobsons. Also in 1991, the United Nations Program for Environment (UNEP) showed that for the first time, was to produce a significant loss of ozone in both the spring and summer, and across the North as in the South, in high and mid-latitudes. This fact has increased the general apprehension, since in summer the sun's rays are much more dangerous than in winter.

 In 1992 it was found that there is a hole formed also on the Arctic, with a 20% reduction in ozone. The Arctic hole again not only remained continued to increase: in the first three months of 1996 it grew by more than 30%, setting a new record.

 In 1992 the researchers found that the destruction was even more generalized, occurring globally from the Antarctic to the Arctic, the tropics and mid-latitude regions, with a decrease ranging from 10% to 15%. Since that time, the inhabitants of the Falkland Islands / Malvinas began to be exposed to the hole every year during the month of October.

 The immediate effect of depletion of the ozone layer is increasing harmful ultraviolet radiation UV- B (see more details below). In 1993, Dr. Paul Epstein, Harvard University, warned that because of increased ultraviolet radiation, the cholera bacillus could be suffering more accelerated mutations, acquiring resistance factors to antibiotics present in giant floating algae blocks in seas.

In 1995, the Scripps Institute of Oceanography in San Diego, California, reported that parts of North America and Central Europe, the Mediterranean, South Africa, Argentina and Chile were already being subjected to significant increases in irradiation ... In 1996 the hole over the northern hemisphere began two months earlier and was the most profound and lasting hitherto observed. In March of that year, the special advisor to the World Meteorological Organization, Romen Boykov, warned: "We are not talking about desert regions, but in populated areas where radiation levels doubled this is very worrying". Boykov made reference now to the observed 45% reduction of ozone in a third of the northern hemisphere. Despite the seriousness of the situation, no matter on the subject was published in the journals Science and Nature, the most important scientific journals in the world. This fact did not go unnoticed to the researcher Jim Scanlon. According to him, investors are very susceptible to news "not optimistic", and the major newspapers seeking filter information that might be considered negative for business. Jim Scanlon said the hole in Antarctica is reported in great detail because it affects relatively few people in isolated areas. But the hole in the Arctic is not reported because it affects about 80 million people in the northern hemisphere.

It is quite possible that Jim Scanlon is right in what he says. I even I could see that some Internet sites allegedly providing scientific data about the depletion of the ozone layer could only be accessed by authorized persons.

Available data in 1996 showed that the annual average ultraviolet radiation in the northern hemisphere was increasing 6.8% per decade, including areas of England, Germany, Russia and Scandinavia. In the southern hemisphere, the growth rate of radiation was 9.9 % per decade, reaching the south of Argentina and Chile. The atmospheric scientist Jay Herman warned: "Increased UV- B radiation is greatest at high latitudes and medium , where most people live and where most of the agriculture takes place". In Brazil, in early 1997, came the news that on the Northeast states ultraviolet radiation level had increased 40 % compared to the same period in 1996...

In March 1997 things got worse. About Argentina and Chile emerged a new hole, dissociated from existing on the South Pole and covering large areas of both countries, including the capital Buenos Aires and Santiago. Measurements of 180 and 210 Dobsons were recorded. According to the Argentine journalist Uki Goñi, the population of Argentina was not properly alerted by Climate Department. The officials said that the episode had "only scientific interest", and that the population should not be alarmed... Goñi also reported that the equivalent latitude in the northern hemisphere would have appeared a similar hole on Washington or Rome.

While the new hole appeared on Argentina and Chile, the pioneer of the South Pole appeared earlier. The ozone began to decline already in March, registering a level of 225 Dobsons; in May the hole over Antarctica was already fully formed. It was the first time this has happened.

 In the Arctic the situation was no better. Dr. Pawan K. Bhartia, project scientist TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectromer) warned that they were being detected the lowest values ​​ever measured ozone in March and April: 219 Dobsons. Satellite data indicated that the affected area extended by 5.3 million square kilometers.

 As usual, they have started to appear some fancy ideas to solve the growing problem of depletion of the ozone layer on the planet. Russian researchers presented a study according to which it would be possible to repair the ozone layer using laser equipment and satellites. The project consists in setting up a system with 30 to 50 satellites that bombard the atmosphere with ultra-powerful laser beams by stimulating the production of up to 20 million tons per year of ozone; these scientists believe the problem can be solved in ten years, at an estimated cost of 100 billion dollars... There are people who also want to produce ozone on the ground and takes it to the stratosphere rockets, big jets and balloons...

 Just based on a sample of all human failures already collected in previous attempts to master, intervene or even predict natural phenomena , we can already say without fear of contradiction , that even if such project were feasible , the end result would be a failure. If it is to encourage such attitudes, exacerbated and unrealistic, it is better to continue presenting other initiatives also innocuous but at least not as costly as the desperate ban on manufacturing CFC and the enactment of the "International Ozone Day", celebrated on September 16 of each year. But what are the effects of the depletion of the ozone layer can bring to the planet and humans in particular? Devastating might be an appropriate adjective.

 In 1975, a scientist named Mike McElroy, to study the effects that would come from the destruction of the ozone layer, he warned that this could be used as a new weapon of war. A chemical compound such as bromine, are deliberately released into the atmosphere would lead to a hole in the ozone layer over enemy territory, disabling unprotected people and destroying crops.

 If the destruction of the ozone layer has been imagined as a weapon of war, the reader may well get an idea of the effects that will be subject to population and the environment with this event. We managed to perceive with our senses part of the energy emitted by the sun, through the light and heat. But the sun emits energy also outside the range we call visible light, and is therefore not perceived by our eyes. The track "above" the visible light is called infrared range and the "below" it is called ultraviolet. But that does not matter, what matters is to know that rays with shorter wavelengths contain more concentrated energy and is therefore much stronger, or, in other words, much more dangerous.

 Nature wisely protected the planet Earth with a shield against harmful ultraviolet radiation. That shield, the ozone layer absorbs much of the dangerous ultraviolet radiation, preventing it reaches to the ground.

 All life on Earth is especially sensitive to ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 290-320 nanometers. So sensitive, that this radiation is given a special name: UV -B, which means" biologically active radiation". Most of the UV- B radiation is therefore absorbed by the ozone layer, but even the small part that reaches the surface is dangerous for anyone who is exposed to it for longer periods.

 All life on Earth is especially sensitive to ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 290-320 nanometers. So sensitive, that this radiation is given a special name: UV -B, which means" biologically active radiation". Most of the UV- B radiation is therefore absorbed by the ozone layer, but even the small part that reaches the surface is dangerous for anyone who is exposed to it for longer periods.

 In 1995 already it observed an increase in cases of skin cancer and cataracts in the southern hemisphere regions such as Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Patagonia. In Queensland, in northeastern Australia, more than 75 % of people over 65 have some form of skin cancer; local law requires children to wear big hats and scarves when they go to school, to be protected from ultraviolet radiation. The US Academy of Sciences estimates that only in that country are emerging each year 10,000 cases of skin cancer because of the thinning of the ozone layer. The Ministry of Health of Chile reported that since the appearance of the ozone hole over the South Pole, cases of skin cancer in Chile grew 133%; currently the government has campaigned for the population using protective creams for the skin and not is exposed to the sun during the most critical hours of the day.

 Dr. Lerman Signey, Emory University, Georgia, produced a study which states that the reduction of 1 % in the ozone layer would lead, in the US alone, an increase of 25,000 annual cases of cataracts in sight... There estimates indicating that a 50% reduction in the ozone layer around the planet cause blindness and skin burns, blistering within ten minutes.

 The UV- B radiation also inhibits the activity of human immune system, the natural defense mechanism of the body. Besides making easier the conditions for the tumors to develop without that the body can combat them, it is assumed that there would be an increase of herpes infection, hepatitis, and skin infections caused by parasites.

 Most plants have not been tested for the effects of increased UV- B, but the species analyzed 200 to 1988, two-thirds expressed some sort of sensitivity. Soy, for example, shows a 25% reduction in production when there is a 25% increase in the concentration of UV-B. The phytoplankton base of the marine food chain as well as some fish larvae also suffer negative effects when exposed to a higher UV-B radiation. It has also been found that cattle have an increase of eye diseases such as conjunctivitis and cancer when exposed to a higher incidence of UV-B.

It should be noted that all these effects are caused by a slight increase in UV- B radiation. There is, however, another type of radiation still more formidable: UV -C. The UV-C radiation has wavelengths between 240 and 290 nanometers and is (so far) completely absorbed by stratospheric ozone. It is known that UV -C is able to destroy the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) , the basic molecule of life, which contains all the genetic information of living beings . In the words of John Gribbin, "no one can say with certainty what would be the consequences of leaving this radiation to reach the Earth's surface..."

 The ozone layer is therefore of crucial importance for life on Earth. Its destruction is equivalent to a reduction of the immune capacity of the planet. Now , at the time of judgment , the human being who lived for millennia unnatural way lost the right to stay protected from harmful effects , whether opportunistic diseases or harmful ultraviolet radiation. AIDS and the reduction of the ozone layer have much in common. Similar effects are at different scales, as the cause of both processes is the same: the intensification of the Last Judgment on Earth. Both events derive from human’s previously existing protection against harmful to health workers. In case the evil ultraviolet radiation in the other opportunistic diseases that attack the organism weakened by the HIV virus which causes AIDS.

 The explanation of science, of course, is far from that conclusion. The most accepted theory today is that the ozone hole was caused by human beings themselves, through the continuous emission in the atmosphere of a chemical compound, chlorofluorocarbons, known as CFCs. The chlorine atom of this compound is named as the villain of the piece; some studies suggest that a single chlorine atom can destroy ozone molecules hundred thousand.

Of course, one cannot deny the influence of pollution generated by human beings in environmental imbalances, lavish that he is in defile all that is within their reach. But the magnitude and speed of the destruction of the ozone layer cannot be explained simply by the higher concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere. A Matter of September 1995 Veja magazine on the subject reported that the CFCs fit very well in the chemical model of ozone destruction, and so were left with the taint of blame. "To date, there is no better explanation for the phenomenon, said the report. "

 So far, the mathematical models that tried to predict the future decrease of the ozone layer based on the amount of CFCs in the atmosphere failed completely. All of the Nimbus 7 satellite data indicated (up to 1988) that ozone in northern latitudes was disappearing four to six times faster than expected in scientific models.

In addition, none of the models predicted the formation of the holes over the Antarctic and the Arctic, or the reduction of ozone at mid-latitudes. NASA tried to clarify: "The ability of the atmosphere to offset the ozone loss is smaller than we thought."

 The fact is that the reduction of the ozone layer cannot be explained by the greater concentration of chlorine in the atmosphere. John Gribbin, for example, while agreeing with the idea of ​​CFC, leaves some questions in the air in his book The Hole in Heaven, as is apparent from the transcript excerpts below:

"Everything fits logically involving chlorine and ClO in the hole of development (although there is very little ClO below an altitude of 16 km, and further studies are required chemistry and dynamics to explain what's going on there). (...) It seems to be telling us [the data collected by satellite] that, ultimately, the destruction of stratospheric ozone has been going twice faster than can be explained by the sum of all effects from CFCs and nitrous oxide by activity solar. (...) No doubt part of it [the reduction of ozone] may be due to changes in the sun. (...) It is possible that changes related effects in solar activity have helped form the special conditions over Antarctica, which have allowed the hole to grow so much in such a short space of time."

 In 1997 the per capita consumption of CFCs in developed countries had fallen from 300 grams to 45 grams, and refrigerators and air conditioners have left their factory without CFC. None of this made ​​any difference so far. The assumption changes in solar activity as a cause of the depletion of the ozone layer should not be neglected. We saw in the topic on the Sun, the solar storm in 1972 caused a decrease of more than 10% in the stratospheric ozone concentration. A more detailed study showed that ozone depletion over the North Pole that year was 16%. No one has managed to estimate what would be the effect of another solar flare as 1972 now with the holes at the poles and the continued reduction of ozone in different parts of the globe.

 But is this situation so serious, the destruction of the ozone layer, has had the required impact? The impact is undoubtedly greater than in the case of Sun's behavior changes because it is closer phenomenon of humanity. However, as the news so far have appeared quite spaced in time, end up not having the impact it could and should have, if only because the human being does what it takes to forget as soon as possible anything that seems unpleasant.

Some seedlings are showing a deformed development in this southern spring, while certain types of seaweed are secreting a red pigment never seen before.

In 1785, Van Maron, German philosopher, observed the electrostatic characteristics of the air due to ozone. Schombein in 1801, reported the characteristic odor as a new substance, Ozone name, and suggested that the gas occur naturally in the atmosphere. In Germany in 1875, Siemens created the first ozone generator (ozonator). In 1891, it was found that the ozone was able to destroy bacteria in the water. The first experiment using ozone water treatment was carried out in 1893 in Leiden, the Netherlands and the treatment of the Rhine waters. Biologically the Ozone plays the role of an air purifier.

Allotrope: We call allotropy the property that certain chemicals have to form different simple substances. These compounds differ from the other, as the number of atoms. The chemical properties of the allotropic substances are similar; On the other hand, the physical properties are very different, including the amount of energy involved in the transformation of each allotrope and the speed at which these transformations occur. An allotropic form is always more stable than the other: more stably becomes slower is more energetic than the most unstable form. Typically, the most unstable form becomes the more stable (although this process takes millions of years).

Examples: carbon graphite carbon and diamond are the same.

Allotrope of oxygen - Oxygen has two allotropes that differ atomicity O2 and O3.

 The ozone gas because of its high oxidation power is a great bactericide, germicide and anti- viral. It is used in water purification and public areas, in so-called ozonizes. There is controversy about the advantages of taking ozonized water, since its bactericidal, germicidal and anti -viral does not distinguish harmful bacteria from those that are essences to our health.

Justification for the use of the Ozonator of areas

 The feeling of freshness that is after a storm is due to the transformation of oxygen into ozone gas, which purifies the public areas, promoted lightning hair, and the ozone produced by nature it is part of life of the human race on Earth, which must be determined is the amount of areas ozonated for humans to breathe, because above a certain amount instantly cause burning in the trachea, sensation before this is because the human being is unaccustomed to breathing ozonated public areas or has some illness so what should be avoided is the disease and not the ozone, and the ozone bactericidal, germicidal and anti- viral.

 The residual ozone concentration in the drinking water should not exceed 0.4 mg / liter, and the time to not less than 10 minute treatment, ozone being more effective than chlorine for treating waste water leaving no compounds form toxic, destroying resistant microorganisms like cyst of Entamoeba histolytica, the virus that causes hepatitis a ( HAV ) and 99 % of other protozoa and enteric viruses . It is recommended an inhalation limit of 0.1 ppm (parts per million) or 0.2 mg / m³. For the above 0.3 to 0.5 ppm causes toxic effects respiratory mucosa and ocular mucosa, above 1 ppm are highly toxic concentrations, may cause pulmonary edema, inhalation of 50 ppm of ozone in the atmosphere is likely to be dangerous fatal, inhalation of 0.2 ppm put 3 or more hours can cause disturbance of night vision, cause fatigue and loss of motor coordination.

Toxic effects occur mainly in the combination of ozone in concentrations above 0.3 ppm with other substances such as nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, damaging the ozone layer and can cause visual disturbances, fatigue, fever, bronchitis, memory loss, increased muscle excitability but there are no reports of fatalities, so the reduction of pollutants that make the most toxic ozone and damage the ozone layer is necessary.

 The sun rays emitted by the UV are endowed with tremendous amount of energy and if not barred in the atmosphere can cause the death of living organisms. Without the ozone layer sunburn becomes 50 times stronger.

 An ozone layer that was formed by photo-dissociation of oxygen gas as the photochemical theory Sydnei  Chapman 1940 is at a height 20-30 km from the Earth's surface absorbs the Rays Ultraviolet preventing most of them come to us. The temperature of the stratosphere, mostly maintained by a balance between absorption of solar radiation by ozone and emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric ozone, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Nuclear tests, the use of supersonic aircraft, and air pollutants endanger the balance of the Ozone layer.

 Plants can be damaged by ozone when exposed to concentrations as low as 2-5 ppm for 8 hours being: Sensitive plants: Spinach, Tobacco, Alfalfa, Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye, Orchard grass, red clover, radish, beans, corn, Tomato, Broccoli; Intermediate plants: turnip, parsley, carrot, Petunia, chicory and White Carrot; Resistant plants: Beets, Geranium, Blue Grass, cucumber, cotton and lettuce. As a defense response of plant cells to this oxidative stress generated by ozone, antioxidant proteins can be induced. Atmospheric factors affect the sensitivity of the ozone plant.

Origin and obtaining Ozone

 Ozone, which is a very active oxidizing agent, is relatively long compared with nascent oxygen that remains, about putting a micro second. We get nowadays almost exclusively put through the so-called dark electric discharge; by passing oxygen or air to put a space subjected to a high voltage , it produces ozone. All normal procedures only give oxygen or ozone air. The pure product is obtained in very low condensing temperatures, so the ozone in the form of a crystalline mass dark blue - violet in color, difficult to handle, and melts at -227 ° C giving a dark blue -violet liquid.

Properties and Applications of Ozone

It is a characteristic odor of gas, almost colorless pale blue, formula O3.

 This energy is again released when ozone decomposes, and its oxidizing power greater than that of ordinary oxygen. Ozone was already used in Germany in 1924 in the form of ozonized air, due to its high oxidizing power by which arrives destroying bacteria, germs and viruses , thereby eliminating odors , being applied in the purification of water and air atmospheric . Has a great importance in the technique of drinking water purification, existing in France in 1996, 500 Water- treatment , and in Europe and USA is available in ozonizes market for air purification.

Oxygen production from the Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

 Through the dark electric charge due to the electronegativity of carbon ( C ) and oxygen (O) to produce ozone ( O3 ), which is easy to prove observing ozonizes air or high stress points in televisions that after some time use of black display areas is also possible through Photochemistry and gamma radiation, scientific study is necessary for this purpose.

Solutions:

A) Put large ozone generators at hydroelectric plants to harness the ability of excess energy which occurs at night and more frequently during the rainy season.

B ) Place small hydroelectric dead up with purpose to feed ozone generators placed next to them, as there are various operating conditions in Brazil.

 C) Build Wind Power Plants and Solar in northeastern Brazil and deserts in other parts of the planet to feed ozone generators for the hot climate of the region collaborated with rising ozone and lower the temperature of the region, and on the equator the concentration lower ozone; this concentration is 240 cm matm (milli atmosphere centimeters).

D) Build hydropower without damming in regions that permits in order to harness the energy to feed ozone generators.

 E) Use of ozone as an insecticide and herbicide, requiring scientific study for this purpose.

 F) Construction of plants Gamma for air ionization and sterilization of food.

 G) Getting the Ozone pollution to rivers.

Comments:

a) These are ways to compensate for nature with deforestation and flooding that have been made with the construction of many power plants, as we will be producing oxygen as ozone.

b) is more than obvious that we are altering the climate with greater intensity in the regions involved and in some first time may be unfavorable, so it becomes necessary for constant observation climate with a view to producing ozone in these regions, possibly requiring the use of filters to chlorine to reduce ozone to molecular oxygen at certain times of year , spring being the highest concentration and the fall of the lower concentration, and in the equatorial region lower average concentration throughout the year, and Ozone content shows a diurnal variation being highest during the evening or at least not smaller than during the day and relative to the ocean concentration is higher in the continent.

 The concern of Ozone regarding the climate is such that there is the World Ozone Data Center located in Ontario, Canada, belonging to the World Meteorological Organization and Brazil the Ozone Laboratory at INPE.

 The Earth is surrounded by a fragile ozone layer that protects animals, plants and humans from ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun. On the surface, the ozone gas (O3 ) aggravates air pollution of cities and acid rain. But in stratospheric heights (between 25 and 30 km above the surface), ozone is a filter for life. Without it, UV light could annihilate all life forms on the planet.

 There is scientific evidence that man-made substances are destroying the ozone layer. In 1977, British scientists first detected the existence of a hole in the layer over Antarctica. Since then they have accumulated records of the layer is becoming thinner in various parts of the world, especially in regions near the South Pole, and recently the North Pole.

 Although the ozone layer absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation, a small portion reaches the Earth's surface. This radiation kills 12 thousand people from skin cancer each year in the United States. Ultraviolet radiation also affects the immune system, undermining the human resistance to diseases such as herpes, in addition to the cancer itself. Cause also eye problems such as cataracts and weakening of vision.

Humans are not the only ones affected by ultraviolet rays. All forms of life including plants can be weakened. It is believed that higher levels of radiation can decrease agricultural production, which would reduce the food supply. Marine life is also seriously threatened, especially the plankton (microscopic plants and animals) that live in the sea surface. These tiny organisms are at the base of the marine food chain and absorb more than half of the carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) from the planet .

 Various chemicals destroy ozone when they react with it. Such substances also contribute to global warming, known as the greenhouse effect. The black list of products harmful to the ozone layer includes nitric and nitrous oxides expelled by the exhaust of vehicles and the CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels such as coal and oil. But in terms of destructive effects on the ozone layer nothing compares to the gas group called chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs.

 Once released into the air, CFCs take about eight years to reach the stratosphere where, hit by ultraviolet radiation, disintegrate and release chlorine. In turn, the chlorine reacts with ozone which consequently is transformed into ordinary oxygen (O2 - which we breathe). The problem is that the common oxygen is not able to protect the planet from ultraviolet rays. A single CFC molecule can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules.

 CFCs are synthetic gases (non-naturally occurring) that are used as propellants in aerosols, as insulation in refrigeration and to produce plastic packaging materials. They are cheap to manufacture and very chemically stable, CFCs have been hailed as substances capable of revolutionizing modern life. But the environmental damage caused by CFCs is forcing the industry to look for other alternatives.

 A number of climatic factors make the stratosphere over Antarctica an especially susceptible to ozone depletion region. Every spring in the Southern Hemisphere, usually in October, appears a hole in the ozone layer over the continent. The scientists observed that the hole is growing and that its effects have become more evident. In 1992, there were cases of fish, sheep and rabbits blind in southern Chile.

 Doctors in the region have also reported an abnormal occurrence of people with allergies and skin problems and vision. The Northern Hemisphere is also achieved. The United States, most of Europe, northern China and Japan have lost 6% of the ozone protection. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimates that each 1% ozone loss causes 50,000 new cases of skin cancer and 100,000 new cases of blindness caused by cataracts worldwide.

To save the layer

 Several countries have been working to eliminate the production and use of CFCs . In 1989 came into force the Montreal Protocol, which provided, through gradual measures, the elimination of CFCs. The countries that initially joined the agreement represented 82 % of world consumption of CFCs. The Protocol has been frequently updated and contains provisions to meet the needs of developing countries, whose consumption is still low. Currently, 155 countries are signatories to the agreement.

 From 1988 to 1992, the consumption of CFCs fell 40%. In December 1995, the European Community and the United States almost completely banned the production and import of CFCs and other substances harmful to the ozone layer. To achieve this, one of the measures adopted was the recycling of gases ever produced, especially in electrical equipment. The industry of these countries could also produce aerosols that use innocuous alternative propellants for the ozone layer. However, rising prices of CFCs in these countries have stimulated the emergence of a black market for the product, smuggled from countries where production of these substances is still legal.

Search for alternatives

 You can replace CFCs by other synthetic products, although its effectiveness and its effects on the environment are still uncertain. The HFCS product (CFCs with an additional hydrogen atom), for example, cause less damage to the ozone layer. But such a variety gas, HCFC 142b is flammable and others that are toxic.

 The HCFC 134a (mainly used as aerosol propellants and foam manufacturing cosmetics) is considered safe to humans but apparently less effective as a cooling agent than conventional CFC. Therefore, a refrigerator that uses HCFC 134a spends more electricity to maintain the same temperature. For countries that rely on fossil fuels to generate electricity, it could contribute to the greenhouse effect. Thereby solving a problem may worsen another.

 Formation and destruction of ozone