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Ionospheric Undulation
Space weather
Weather near the surface involves winds that propagate like waves across the planet.
Weather in the upper atmosphere and in space has wavelike characteristics as well.
Space weather has two drivers: one is solar wind and radiation, the other is the dynamic atmosphere of Earth.
In the atmosphere travel waves very low in frequency (wavelength in the
range of hundreds or thousands of kilometres) that carry energy and
momentum also upwards (buoyancy waves).
Thermal effects cause tides with vertical movements and transfer of
energy through shear winds. At the altitude at which sun radiation
causes ionization there are winds with speed ranging in the hundreds of
meters per second . Being shear winds the ionosphere is roughened
by shorter waves and vortices.
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Research in progress: Ionospheric Undulation