Analog TV Broadcast Systems

By Paul Schlyter, Stockholm, Sweden
email: [email protected] or [email protected]
WWW: http://welcome.to/pausch or http://hotel04.ausys.se/pausch

Break out of a frame

1999-12-14 First version
 2000-11-12 Updated version
2001-01-06 Updated list of national TV channels

A brief history of television

The fundamental principles for television was first described in the 1800's. In 1884 Paul Nipkow obtained a patent on an opto-mechanical method of transmitting images: the Nipkow disk, a rotating disk which had 24 small holes along a spiral line. This allowed scanning the image line by line. The first practical TV transmissione were performed by John Logie Baird in 1926 (30 lines/frame, 5 frames/s). Baird too used an optomechanical method. The first electronic image tube was invented by Vladimir Zworykin, who also invented the first TV camera tube, the "iconoscope". BBC started the first regular TV broadcasts (405 lines/frame, 25 frames/s) in England 1936 - that system was in use until 1986. WW II stopped TV development, but after the war many other countries started TV broadcasts. France used an 819 line system for many years, but most European countries did choose a 625 line system. In USA a 525 line system was, and still is, used.

The very first experimental colour TV broadcasts were performed in 1928, by Baird in England and H.E. Ives in USA. The USA was first in starting regular colour TV broadcasts, in 1953. Japan was second, starting in 1960 using the american NTSC TV broadcast system. In 1965 Europe failed to agree on one colour TV broadcast system: France went SECAM, eastern Europe decided on "a variety of SECAM", while most of the remainder of Europe decided to use PAL. England and Germany started regular colour TV broadcasts in 1967. By 1970 regular colour TV broadcasts had started in most European countries.

Colour TV parameters

R,G,B = signals for primary colours R, G and B
Y = luminance signal = 0.30 R + 0.59 G + 0.11 B

Luminance information, Y, transmitted as in black-and-white TV, which gives backwards compatibility with older black-and-white receivers.

Colour information is transmitted as B-Y and R-Y. G-Y is not transmitted, but can easily be reproduced from: 
        G-Y = -0.51 (R-Y) - 0.19 (B-Y)
In NTSC, linear combinations of B-Y and R-Y are transmitted instead.

NTSC (National Television Systems Committee)

The NTSC system of colour TV was developed by major US electronic companies (RCA, General Electric, and others) during the 1940'ies and was finalized during the early 1950'ies. In 1953 NTSC made that system the US standard for colour TV broadcasts.

Instead of transmitting the B-Y and R-Y, the signals Q and I are formed, which are phase shifted 33 deg relative to R-Y and B-Y:
    Q  =  cos(33_deg) * (R-Y)  -  sin(33_deg) * (B-Y)
    I  =  cos(33_deg) * (B-Y)  +  sin(33_deg) * (R-Y)
which then becomes (approximately): 
    Q = 0.21 R - 0.52 G + 0.31 B
    I = 0.60 R - 0.28 G - 0.32 B
Bandwith of Q is reduced (to 0.5 MHz (USA/525) or 0.6 MHz (CCIR/625)) and transmitted with double sideband, while I transmitted with single sideband and full colour bandwidth (1.4 MHz (USA), 1.8 MHz (CCIR)). Q corresponds to the complementary colour pair green-purple, where the colour resolution of the eye is lower than for other colours; therefore the bandwitdh of Q can be reduced without visible effects. The reason one of Q and I must be transmitted with double sideband is that otherwise there will be crosstalk between Q and I. Q and I are transmitted with quadrature modulation of the colour subcarrier (quadrature modulation = AM with suppressed carrier by two signals on the same carrier, where the sidebands of one of the signals is phase shifted 90 degrees. As implemented in NTSC/PAL, this will yield a colour signal where amplitude represents the colour's saturation and phase its hue), where the I signal was modulated In-phase with the carrier while the Q signal was modulated Quadrature (i.e. 90 deg out of phase) with the carrier..

The color subcarrier has a frequency of 455 times half the line frequency i.e. 3.579545 MHz, in 525-line NTSC. In CCIR 625-line NTSC (used only briefly for experimenteral purposes before Europe made PAL and SECAM their standards for colour TV) the subcarrier frequency was 567 times half the line frequency, or 4.4296875 MHz.

The major weakness of the NTSC system is the commonly occurring phase shifts of the colour subcarrier, causing hue shifts in the colour TV receiver - because of this, NTSC is sometimes referred to as "Never The Same Colour". This problem was addressed, and solved, in two different ways by the european colour TV systems SECAM and PAL. Therefore, that hue control knob which is present on virtually all NTSC TV receivers is absent on SECAM and PAL TV receivers.

SECAM (SEQuentiel A Memoire ("memory sequential"))

In 1957, Henri de France at the french company CSF (Compagnie Generale de Telegraphe Sans Fil) their first version of SECAM as a european standard. In SECAM, one exploits the eye's reduced color resolution also in the vertical direction. The Q and I signals of NTSC aren't used; instead R-Y and B-Y are used as modulating signals, and are transmitted with the same bandwdth. They're not transmitted simultaneously though, as in NTSC and PAL, but one after another: one line contains R-Y information and the next line B-Y information, etc. A delay line of 64 usec (one "line time") in the receiver makes both signals available simultaneously when the final colour picture is about to be formed.

Henri de France's original suggestion was based on using AM to modulate the colour subcarrier with R-Y and B-Y in sequence. This made SECAM insensitive to phase errors but not to amplitude errors. Since amplitude errors are more common than phase errors, and since this combined with AM and sequential transmission would make amplitude errors cause hue shifts, this was really no improvement over NTSC. This, plus some other deficiencies, was corrected and the SECAM now in use is SECAM III or "SECAM optimalice", where frequency modulation (FM) is used to modulate the subcarrier, and R-Y and B-Y use different deviations and somewhat different subcarrier frequencies. No color burst is needed as a frequency reference, and there is also always a color subcarrier present in the video signal, even if there is no color in the image. By choosing slightly different color subcarrier frequencies for the R-Y and B-Y lines, the visible interference in the luminance signal will be greatly reduced.
Color signal    Bandwidth   Nominal subcarrier frequency   Frequency shift

D(B) = -1.9(B-Y)  1.8 MHz   272 * line_freq = 4.250000 MHz    +- 280 kHz
D(R) = +1.5(R-Y)  1.8 MHz   282 * line_Freq = 4.406250 MHz    +- 230 kHz
This is the French SECAM system for 625-lines which 1967 became the standard form colour TV braodcasts in Fance and a few other countries. There were two other varieties of SECAM too: one variety now used in Eastern Europe. Another variety was specified for the old French 819-line TV broadcast system, but it was never widely used.

PAL (Phase Alternation Line)

During the middle 1950'ies, AEG-Telefunken in Hannover, Germany, started to investigate the hue shift problem of the NTSC system. At first they tried different ways to construct the TV received, but soon they instead focused on the way the NTSC system modulated the colour subcarrier. Dr Walter Bruch developed the fundamental conecpt of NTSC into a phase error compensating system which was named PAL ("Phase Alternation Line"), where eventual phase errors are compensated by adding another equally large phase error of the opposite sign. In 1967 PAL became the standard for colour TV broadcasts in most countries in western Europe.

Also in PAL, the Q and I signals of NTSC aren't used; instead R-Y and B-Y are used as modulating signals, and are transmitted with the same bandwdth.

R-Y and B-Y are both transmitted with single sideband, bandwitdh 1.3 MHz, by quadrature modulation of the colour subcarrier. For each new line the phase of R-Y is shifted 180 degrees. A 64 us delay line in the receiver "remembers" the previous line, and adder circuits + phase shifters adds them up so that phase errors in the transmission cancels out. In addition adding R-Y with the phase shifted R-Y from the previous line will make it appear as if R-Y was transmitted with double sideband -- this makes it unnecessary to transmit R-Y with double sideband. Therefore both R-Y and B-Y can be transmitted with single sideband at the full colour bandwith. PAL will thus have a higher colour resolution for some colours than NTSC.

In PAL the color subcarrier frequency is 1135 times 1/4 the line frquency plus half the half-frame frequency. This becomes (1135 * 1/4 * 15625) + (1/2 * 50) Hz = 4.43361875 MHz. A few countries like Brazil use a 525-line variety of PAL called PAL-M, which uses a color subcarrier frequency of 3.57561149 MHz.

PAL-SIMPLE or "Poor Man's PAL"

This is an implementation of PAL without the delay line in a few (very few) early colour TV receivers. It relies on the eye instead of the delay line to cancel phase shifts. A phase shift which will cause erroneous hues in NTSC will in PAL-SIMPLE instead show up as a "colour flicker". Experiments have shown that phase shifts of 20 degrees in PAL-SIMPLE makes the flicker unacceptably strong, while in full PAL a phase shift of 40 degrees is barely noticeable as a slight reduction in colour saturation. In addition there will, in PAL-SIMPLE, be a mutual interference between the B-Y and R-Y signals, since neither of them is transmitteed with double sideband, and since the delay line is not present one cannot emulate double sideband of R-Y using the delay line. Thus "Poor Man's PAL" will give a colour quality even lower than NTSC. Today it's not used.

Note that there is no "Poor Man's SECAM", since SECAM requires the delay line.

Trinitron-"PAL"

Some early models of the Sony Trinitron included a delay line but used in a different way, to avoid having to pay patent fees to Telefunken. The colour signal was used only from each other line - the lines in between used the colour signal after the delay line. In essence this "converts" PAL to NTSC. These receivers suffered from the NTSC sensitivity of phase shifts in the colour signal, therefore they also had that hue control which is present on all NTSC receivers but usually absent from PAL receivers.

Playback systems

These systems are never broadcast over the air, but are used on some VCR's only.

MESECAM

VCR's with MESECAM will record SECAM signals such that they later can be viewed on PAL TV's. This system is incomatible with both PAL and SECAM, and a MESECAM VCR is required to play MESECAM tapes.

PAL-60

Also called "NTSC playback on PAL TV". A VCR featuring PAL-60 will output a 60 Hz video signal with PAL color. The resulting signal is partly U.S. NTSC (NTSC synchronism) and partly PAL (PAL color), and will be viewed on PAL TV's that are 50/60 Hz ready. If the PAL TV isn't 50/60 Hz compatible, vertical size will be incorrect and/or picture will roll vertically. This signal may not be recorded on PAL nor NTSC VCR's.

NTSC 4.43

This system is identical to the U.S. NTSC 3.58 except for a different color subcarrier frequency.

MAC (Multiplexed Analogue Components)

The MAC system was originally proposed as the analog standard for European HDTV, to be started in 1995. However, MAC never made it in Europe, but was insteda used for satellite broadcasts using standrd resolution. A digital + analog system, used only for satellite TV broadcasts. There are five different versions of MAC: A-MAC, B-MAC, C-MAC, D-MAC and D2-MAC.

B-MAC is used in North America, Australia and South Africa. C-MAC and D-MAC are used in the U.K. and parts of Scandinavia. D2-MAC is used in the rest of Western Europe.

MAC transmits luminance and chrominance data separately, i.e. separates them in time instead of frequency. Each line contains three components: 
   a) Synch/data/sound, 198 bits, 10 us
   b) Chrominance, 17.5 us
   c) Luminance, 35 us
The luminance Y = R+G+B. The chrominance vaguely resembles SECAM: even lines carry V = R-Y and odd lines U = B-Y. MAC uses a line-sequential colour system, but sophisticated vertical filtering produces much better results than would be obtained by simply omitting alternate lines or taking the average value of adjacent lines.

(625-line version): each line of 64 microseconds contains: 
Lines 1 to 623:
 206 bits of synchronization, sound and data:
          1 run-in bit
          6 bits of line sync word
       198 bit of data, in two subframes of 99 bits each
         1 spare bit
   4 clock periods for transition from end-of-data
  15 clock periods - clamp period
  10 clock periods, incl. 5 clocks for weighted transition to colour signal
 349 clock periods of colour-difference component
   5 clock periods for weighted transition btw colour and luminance signal
 697 clock periods of luminance component
   6 clock periods for weighted transition from luminance signal
   4 clock periods for transition into data
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1296 clock periods total per line, eack clock period ca 49.38 ns
Lines 624 and 625 are special: 
Line 624: 
  174 bits  ???
   32 bits  Clamp marker
 1090 bits  Reference signals instead of video

Line 625 contains frame synchronization information:
    1 bit   Demod run-in bit
    6 bits  Line sync word
   32 bits  Clock run-in bits
   64 bits  Frame sync word bits
 1193 bits  Service identification data
The MAC waveform can be considered an analogue signal sampled at a rate of 20.25 MHz.

MAC is especially dsigned to be used over the FM satellite channels. Its various parameters have been chosen so as to make the best possible use of the available spectrum. Chrominance and luminance signal/noise ratios have been well matched to the characteristics of an FM channel, so that a significant improvement in noise performance is noticeable on the image, compared to PAL/SECAM/NTSC satellite broadcasts. In addition, there is no crosstalk between the luminance and chrominance signals.
                     C-MAC      D-MAC    D2-MAC

Stereo channels        4         3         2
2x15 kHz each

Min bandwidth, MHz    15        10         5
On a 7 MHz channel, max luminance bandwidth becomes 4.6 Mhz and max chrominance bandwidth 1.2 MHz. On PAL, max luminance bandwitth is 3.8 MHz.

Eurocrypt is a European standard of how to encrypt MAC signals. There are two methods of encryption:

1. Component rotation: the luminance and chrominance time slices are divided into two parts each, and the two parts will switch places within their time slots.

2. Encryption of the data block: some binary value is added to the data block. In the decoder the value is corrected. This method encrypts both the image and the sound.

B-MAC are used in Canada and Australia: it carries the video information in essentially the same form as C/D-MAC, but carries audio and data in a baseband multiplex using a multi-level code, which allows the bandwidth to be reduced. This degrades the noise performance and reduces the sound/data capacity, but it allows B-MAC signals to be transferred unmodified on cable TV systems.

HDTV - High Definition TeleVision

Most HDTV proposals work towards approximately doubling the number of pixels in the horizontal and vertical direction. The old French 819-line TV standard (discontinued in 1986) went about half-way towards this goal. Some proposed HDTV systems and current analog systems are: 
Name            Total   Active  Vert    Horiz   Opt     Asp     Vert    Horiz   Band-
                lines   lines   res     res     view    ratio   field   field   width
                                                dist            deg     deg     MHz

HDTV            1050     960     675     600    2.5H    16/9    23      41       8
USA

Analog HDTV     1250    1000     700     700    2.4H    16/9    23      41       9
Europe

Analog HDTV     1125    1080     540     600    3.3H    16/9    17      30      20
NHK

NTSC
conv.            525     484     242     330    7H      4/3      8      11      4.2
prog.            525     484     340     330    5H      4/3     12      16      4.2

PAL
conv.            625     575     290     425    6H      4/3     10      13      5.5
prog.            625     575     400     425    4.3H    4/3     13      18      5.5

SECAM
conv.            625     575     290     465    6H      4/3     10      13      6
prog.            625     575     400     465    4.3H    4/3     13      18      6
The only "in-service" HDTV system is the current NHK satellite broadcast system in Japan, which has 8.15 MHz bandwidth per channel available, while the HDTV signal itself requires some 20 MHz bandwidth - it works by compressing the video signal. That system is called "MUSE".

The MAC system was originally intended for HDTV broadcasts in Europe to be started in 1995. But that didn't happen, and today MAC is instead used for satellite broadcasts using standard 625-line resolution.

It now appears likely that the first widely used HDTV system will be an all-digital system.

Frame rates and lines per frame

525 lines, 29.97 frames/s (NTSC/USA, "system M")

Traditional B&W: 
  frame frequency = fv = 30 Hz
  line frequency  = fh = 525 * fv = 15750 Hz
Colour: line and frame frequencies had to be reduced by about 0.1% to make the sound subcarrier frequency at 4.5 MHz an even multiple of the line frequency - this tends to minimize interference from the colour signal into the sound signal. It was NOT feasible to modify the sound subcarrier frequency since old TV's would be unable to lock into the modified sound frequency, however old TV's would have no difficulty syncing into the modified line/frame frequencies: 
  sound subcarrier = fs = 4.5 MHz
  line frequency   = fh = fs/286 = 15734.2657343.... Hz
  frame frequency  = fv = fh/525 = 29.9700299701.... Hz

625 lines, 25 frames/s (CCIR/Europe, systems B and G)

  frame frequency  = fv = 25 Hz
  line frequency   = fh = 625 * fv = 15625 Hz
  sound subcarrier = fs = 352 * fh = 5.5 MHz
Since the sound subcarrier frequency already was an even multiple of the line frequency from the beginning, no adjustments to line/frame frequencies needed to be made when colour TV was introduced.

Obsolete frame/line rates

Colour subcarrier frequency = fu:

This frequency must be selected with great care, since it, including sidebands (also known as the "colour signal") resides wholly within the band of the luminance (also known as the "black-and-white signal"). By necessity the colour signal will interfere with the black-and-white signal. By careful selection of the colour subcarrier frequency the visible effects of this mutual interference can be minimized.

NTSC: The colour subcarrier's frequency should be an odd multiple of half the line frequency, which will make the colour information cancel out between alternate frames in the luminance signal. It should also be as high as possible within the avavilable bandwidth of 5 MHz. Since Q must be transmitted with double sideband (0.6 MHz bandwith) the colour subcarrier must be approximately 0.6 MHz below the upper band limit Mhz. The frequency used is: 
NTSC-M (USA, 525 lines):      fu = 455/2 * fh = 3579545.454545.... Hz
where 455 = 5*7*13 i.e. the factor 455 can be implemented as frequency dividers by 5, 7 and 13. 
NTSC-B & G (CCIR, 625 lines, not used today):  fu = 567/2 * fh = 4429687.5 Hz
where 567 = 3*3*3*7 i.e. the factor 567 can be implemented as frequency dividers by 3 and 7.

PAL: The alternating phases of R-Y complicates matters. If the colour subcarrier frequency was to be selected the same way as for NTSC, the PAL phase switch would partially cancel the "alternate frame cencel out" of the colour subcarrier's visibility in the luminance signal. Therefore in PAL one chooses the colour subcarrier's frequency as a multiple of a quarter of the line frequency (which gives the interference in Y a diagonal pattern, which is less disturbing), plus half the frame frequency (which gives the interference pattern an opposite phase between alternate frames, and also gives it an apparent vertical motion). The frequency used is:

PAL-B & G (CCIR 625 lines):    fu = fh * 1135/4 + fv = 4433618.75 Hz

PAL-M (525 lines):             fu = fh *  909/4      = 3575611.88812... Hz
Used in Brazil, Laos and Thailand
SECAM: Colour subcarrier uses FM, therefore its precise value is not critical.

SECAM-B,D,G,H,K,K1,L (CCIR, 625 lines, 5/5.5/6 MHz bandwidth):
    "Red"  lines:   fu = 282 * fh = 4.406250 MHz
    "Blue" lines:   fu = 272 * fh = 4.250000 MHz
Russia uses SECAM-D on VHF and SECAM-K on UHF

SECAM-M (525 lines, used in Cambodia and Vietnam):  fu = 3.57 MHz ?

SECAM-France (819 lines, 10 MHz bandwidth):         fu = 8.37 MHz
Obsolete - was specified but never widely used.

Colour TV and early video tape recorders

Due to the phase sensitivity of NTSC, older B&W video tape recorders could not be used to tape NTSC colour TV. The equipment had to have a complicated system installed which compensated the flutter that's present even in good video tape recorders.

SECAM colour TV was insensitive to this flutter, however since SECAM uses FM on its colour subcarrier, the frequency spectrum became complicated and the risk of intermodulation, causing interference patterns in the picture, was large.

PAL caused the least problems on video tape recorders -- when recording PAL colour TV, old B&W video tape recorders could be used with fewer problems. However PAL video tape recorders now also has servo circuits compensating the flutter.

Subtitles: CC and Teletext

CC - Closed Captioning

Transmitted on line 21 of NTSC/525 (M) transmissions, containing subtitling information only. CC has no support for block graphics or multiple pages but it can support 8 colours and the use of an italic typeface. Frequently found on prerecorded VHS cassettes and LDs, also used on broadcast. Also found on PAL/625 prerecorded VHS cassettes in a modified version.

Teletext/"Text TV" (625 lines)

Uses the frame switch time to transmit additional information of 200-700 "pages" covering a wide range of topics including TV schedules, News, Financial information, Comments and reviews and Concert & Theatre information. Subtitles are typically transmitted on page 888 in the UK, 199/299/399 on Belgium and Holland, 150 in Germany and 777 in Italy. There are a number of variant characters used, but the encoding is identical and all English alphabet characters plus numbers and most punctuation can be handled by any decoder. Includes support for 8 colours, and limited block graphics, and selective revealing of underlying TV picture. Transmitted on a variable number of lines, starting on line 12 and continuing for 7-8 lines typically. A maximum of 35 lines per frame can be used, and each line can hold up to 360 bits. Found on broadcasts and some LaserDiscs. Recording of Teletext signals is marginal on S-VHS and almost impossible on VHS, hence the PAL/625 version of CC.

Stereo sound: MTS, FM-FM and Nicam

MTS

Used in conjunction with NTSC/525 (M): two indepedent carriers each carry a discrete channel. One channel provides stereo sound by providing left/right channel difference signals, relative to transmitted mono audio track. The second carrier carries the Secondary Audio Program (SAP) which is used for a second language or a descriptive commentary for the blind. Uses a technique based on the DBX noise reduction to improve frequency response of the audio channel.

FM-FM

Dual carrier FM coded discrete stereo transmissions, analogue. Can be used for bi-lingual operation under user selection, but no auto-selection is available. Audio characteristics better than standard mono soundtrack.

NICAM (Near-Instantaneously Companded Audio Multiplex) stereo (625 lines)

Full name NICAM 728. Each stereo channel is sampled at 32 kHz and registered with 14 bits resolution. 32 samples/channel is called a block. In each block the highest value is identified, and the rest of the block is reduced to 10 bits per sample. Thus 14 bits (=84 dB dynamics) can be transferred even though only 10 of the 14 bits actually are transmitted. The total bit rate, including checksums, extra channel and error correcting codes, is 728 kBits/s. This digital signal is modulating by QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) a carrier 5.85 MHz above the video carrier = 0.35 MHz above the FM sound carrier. Nicam can tranmit stereo sound with a quality approaching CD quality.

PC's and NTSC-525 (NTSC-M) or
"Why does the PC tick 18.2 times/second?"

The timer tick count in PC's increments about 18.2 times/second, which closely corresponds to 65536 (=10000hex) ticks per hour. Was the intention to make this exactly 65536 ticks/hour? No, this is just a concicdence.

The system clock is nominally 14.31818 MHz. This is divided by 12 to give the 1.19318166666... MHz clock to the 8253/8254 (which is often incorrectly said to be 1.193180 MHz). This frequency is divided by 65536 in channel zero of the 8253/8254 to give the timer tick rate of 18.206507364909 Hz nominal, with a cycle period of 54.92541649846559 ms nominal. There are 65543.4265 ticks in an hour.

There are 1573042.24 ticks in a day, but when the BIOS was written, the 1.19318166666... MHz frequency was approximated to 1.193180 MHz, so the BIOS writers used 1573040 (001800B0 hex) ticks per day. This contributes a 1.42166 ppm error, which is insignificant compared to the clock frequency inaccuracy (the absolute accuracy of the 14.31818 MHz clock depends mainly on the quality of the 14.31818 MHz crystal or crystal oscillator module. Initial frequency errors of +/- 20 ppm (0.002%) are common. Temperature and age will also cause frequency drift. )

1573042.24 ticks/day corresponds to 65543.43 ticks/hour, which is 0.011% more than 65536 ticks/hour - if the intention was 65536 ticks/hour exactly, they could certainly have made the agreement better than that!

The input frequency to the timer chip is 14.31818 MHz / 12 = 1.19318166666... MHz. If we instead divide by 4 we get:

        14.31818 MHz / 4  =  3.579545 MHz
which is exactly the same as the NTSC-M (525 lines) colour subcarrier frequency of 3579545 Hz.

Thus it appears that the frequency of the PC's timer tick was selected in order to use the same quartz crystal to also generate an NTSC-525 colour subcarrier frequency by simply feeding the timer chip frequency into a x3 frequency multiplier. The good ol' CGA video/graphics cards are, as you may remember, able to output not just RGB video signals but also an NTSC-525 colour composite video signal, which can be fed into the video input of any NTSC-525 colour TV received.

So there we are -- the PC's somewhat odd timer tick frequency of about 18.2 ticks/s is due to NTSC's choice of colour subcarrier frequency for 525-lines, plus IBM's desire to keep down the number of quartz crystals on the original IBM PC. It also enqbled that crystal to be obtained cheaply, since it already was produced in huge volumes, for all those colour TV sets out there.

Smartcards NTSC-525 (NTSC-M) or
"Why does ISO 7816-3 specifcy a divisor of 372?"

The NTSC-M colour frequency wasn't only selected in PC's but in other electronic equipment too. Consider for instance the standard ISO 7816-3 for smartcards, which specifies that the clock frequency into the smart card should be divided by 372 to get the bps rate of the I/O to/from the smartcard. The factor 372 is pretty awkward as a dividing factor, so why was it selected? Because the NTSC colour subcarrier frequency, 3579545 Hz, divided by 372 becomes 9622.432..., which is close enough to 9600 to be used as a base for the common bit rate of 9600 bps. Thus, by choosing 372 as a divisor, NTSC colour subcarrier crystals could be used as a freuency base in smart card readers, making them cheaper to produce.

TV broadcast systems worldwide

Click on image to get a larger image

 PAL/SECAM/NTSC worldwide 1990
PAL/SECAM/NTSC worldwide 2000
Lines per frame (525 or 625) worldwide
Mains voltage (110/125 or 220 V) worldwide
Mains frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz) worldwide
DVD regions worldwide

TV broadcast system parameters

Total    Active  Vertical      Aspect    Horizontal     Frate rate
lines    lines   resolution    ratio     resolution

525       484       242         4/3         427         30 or 29.94
625       575       290         4/3         425            25


Sys-  Lines Frames Lines Ch bw Vid bw Vid-Aud   Vestig Video    Color      Sound    Country/
tem           /s     /s   MHz   MHz   sep, MHz  sb MHz  mod      MHz     mod  swing organization
                                                                               kHz

(A)    405    25   10125   5    3       -3.5     0.75  C3Fpos     --     A3E   --   England
 B     625    25   15625   7    5       +5.5     0.75  C3Fneg  4.433618  F3E   50   EBU
(C)    625    25   15625   7    5       +5.5     0.75  C3Fpos     --     A3E   --   Belgium
 D     625    25   15625   8    6       +6.5     0.75  C3Fneg  4.433618  F3E   50   Soviet Union
(E)    819    25   20475  14   10     +-11.15    2     C3Fpos   (8.37)   A3E   --   France
(F)    819    25   20475   7    5       +5.5     0.75  C3Fpos            A3E   --   
 G     625    25   15625   8    5       +5.5     0.75  C3Fneg  4.433618  F3E   50   EBU
 H     625    25   15625   8    5       +5.5     1.25  C3Fneg  4.433618  F3E   50   Belgium
 I     625    25   15625   8    5.5     +5.996   1.25  C3Fneg  4.433618  F3E   50   England
 K     625    25   15625   8    6       +6.5     0.75  C3Fneg    4.3     F3E   50   Soviet Union
(K')   625    25   15625   8    6       +6.5     1.25  C3Fneg    4.3     F3E   50   
 L     625    25   15625   8    6       +6.5     1.25  C3Fpos    4.3     A3E   --   France
M/b&w  525    30   15750   6    4.2     +4.5     0.75  C3Fneg     --     F3E   25   USA/Japan
M/NTSC 525   29.97 15734   6    4.2     +4.5     0.75  C3Fneg  3.579545  F3E   25   USA/Japan
M/PAL  525   29.97 15734   6    4.2     +4.5     0.75  C3Fneg  3.575611  F3E   25   Brazil
 N     625    25   15625   6    4.2     +4.5     0.75  C3Fneg  3.582056  F3E   25   Argentina


System   Band   Video     Colour    Video   Audio       Band    Band
         lower  lower   freq  lvl   upper   freq lvl    upper   width

M,N     -1.25   -0.75   3.58  -7    4.2     4.5  -7     4.75    6.0

B       -1.25   -0.75   4.43 -16    5.0     5.5 -10     5.75    7.0

L       -1.25   -0.75   4.43 -16    6.0     6.5 -10     6.75    8.0

G       -1.25   -0.75   4.43 -16    5.0     5.5 -13     6.75    8.0
 dual sound                                 5.74 -20



Colour TV standard parameters


System            NTSC      ----------------------- PAL -------------------------       SECAM
CCIR               M           B,G,H          I            M            N            B,D,G,H,K,L

Luminance    ----------------------------- Y = 0.299 R + 0.587 G + 0.114 B -----------------------
signal

Chrominance  I=-0.27(B-Y)   ------------------- U=0.493(B-Y) ---------------------   D(B)=1.505(B-Y)
               +0.74(R-Y)   ------------------- V=0.877(R-Y) ---------------------   D(R)=-1.902(R-Y)
signals      Q=+0.41(B-Y)
               +0.48(R-Y)

Colour
subcarrier

Modulation   ------------------ QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ------------        FM

Frequency     3.579545 MHz   4.43361875   4.43361875   3.57561149   3.58205625 MHz   f(B)=4.25000 MHz
                 +-10 Hz        +-5 Hz      +-5 Hz       +-10 Hz       +-10 Hz       f(R)=4.40625 MHz
                                                                                         +- 2 kHz

Colour burst      min 8        10 +- 1      10 +- 1       9 +- 1       9 +- 1             none
duration
(periods)
Systems A, C, E, F and K' are obsolete and no longer used. These obsolete systems were used in:
A: England, Ireland: discontinued in 1986.
C: Belgium
E: France, Monaco: discontinued in 1986
F:
K': French overseas territories

International Television Frequencies/Channels (MHz)

The symbol # indicates this system applies to VHF only; UHF channels use the Western European system. 
A:  USA and other North American countries. Also used in Korea, Taiwan,
    the Phillippines, and some Pacific Island countries
B:  Ireland #
C:  P.R. China
D:  Australia
E:  Western Europe and many other countries in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
F:  France #
G:  New Zealand #
I:  Italy #
J:  Japan 
K:  French Overseas Territories #
M:  Morocco #
R:  Eastern Europe & Russia #
S:  South Africa #
U:  U.K. #   OBSOLETE - old VHF channels no longer used in the U.K.

European channels, system B (VHF) and G,H (UHF)

Western Europe and many other countries in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. 

Some countries use 5.5 MHz audio/video separation with this system;
other countries use 6.5 MHz. Ireland uses 6.0 MHz. Many of the
countries using this system have a second audio carrier with digital
stereo audio. 

The UK uses only the UHF channels in this system; there is no VHF TV in the UK 


Band width:      7 MHz VHF (System B: VHF Band I,III)
                 8 MHz UHF (System H: UHF Band IV,V)

Starts at:      -1.25 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  4.43 MHz
Audio carrier:   5.50 MHz
Ends at:         5.75 MHz System B, VHF
                 6.75 MHz System G, UHF


625-line TV IF

Channel    Band limits          Carriers
                             Video     Audio

TV IF      33.15   40.15     38.90     33.40

European Air channels, VHF band I

Channel    Band limits          Carriers
                             Video     Audio

E2         47      54        48.25     53.75
E2A        48.5    55.5      49.75     55.25
E3         54      61        55.25     60.75
E4         61      68        62.25     67.75

European Cable channels

Channel    Band limits          Carriers
                             Video     Audio

X          68      75        69.25     74.75
Y          75      82        76.25     81.75
Z          82      89        83.25     88.75

S3        118     125       119.25    124.75
S4        125     132       126.25    131.75
S5        132     139       133.25    138.75
S6        139     146       140.25    145.75
S7        146     153       147.25    152.75
S8        153     160       154.25    159.75
S9        160     167       161.25    166.75
S10       167     174       168.25    173.75

European Air channels, VHF band III

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

E5        174     181       175.25    180.75
E6        181     188       182.25    187.75
E7        188     195       189.25    194.75
E8        195     202       196.25    201.75
E9        202     209       203.25    208.75
E10       209     216       210.25    215.75
E11       216     223       217.25    222.75
E12       223     230       224.25    229.75

European Cable channels

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

S11       230     237       231.25    236.75
S12       237     244       238.25    243.75
S13       244     251       245.25    250.75
S14       251     258       252.25    257.75
S15       258     265       259.25    264.75
S16       265     272       266.25    271.75
S17       272     279       273.25    278.75
S18       279     286       280.25    285.75
S19       286     293       287.25    292.75
S20       293     300       294.25    299.75

European Cable channels, hyper band

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

S21       302     310       303.25    308.75
S22       310     318       311.25    316.75
S23       318     326       319.25    324.75
S24       326     334       327.25    332.75
S25       334     342       335.25    340.75
S26       342     350       343.25    348.75
S27       350     358       351.25    356.75
S28       358     366       359.25    364.75
S29       366     374       367.25    372.75
S30       374     382       375.25    380.75
S31       382     390       383.25    388.75
S32       390     398       391.25    396.75
S33       398     406       399.25    404.75
S34       406     414       407.25    412.75
S35       414     422       415.25    420.75
S36       422     430       423.25    428.75
S37       430     438       431.25    436.75
S38       438     446       439.25    444.75
S39       446     454       447.25    452.75
S40       454     462       455.25    460.75
S41       462     470       463.25    468.75

European Air channels, UHF band IV

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio    Audio (6.5)

E21       470     478       471.25    476.75      477.75
E22       478     486       479.25    484.75      485.75
E23       486     494       487.25    492.75      493.75
E24       494     502       495.25    500.75      501.75
E25       502     510       503.25    508.75      509.75
E26       510     518       511.25    516.75      517.75
E27       518     526       519.25    524.75      525.75
E28       526     534       527.25    532.75      533.75
E29       534     542       535.25    540.75      541.75
E30       542     550       543.25    548.75      549.75
E31       550     558       551.25    556.75      557.75
E32       558     566       559.25    564.75      565.75
E33       566     574       567.25    572.75      573.75
E34       574     582       575.25    580.75      581.75
E35       582     590       583.25    588.75      589.75
E36       590     598       591.25    596.75      597.75
E37       598     606       599.25    604.75      605.75
E38       606     614       607.25    612.75      613.75
E39       614     622       615.25    620.75      621.75

European Air channels, UHF band V

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio    Audio (6.5)

E40       622     630       623.25    628.75      629.75
E41       630     638       631.25    636.75      637.75
E42       638     646       639.25    644.75      645.75
E43       646     654       647.25    652.75      653.75
E44       654     662       655.25    660.75      661.75
E45       662     670       663.25    668.75      669.75
E46       670     678       671.25    676.75      677.75
E47       678     686       679.25    684.75      685.75
E48       686     694       687.25    692.75      693.75
E49       694     702       695.25    700.75      701.75
E50       702     710       703.25    708.75      709.75
E51       710     718       711.25    716.75      717.75
E52       718     726       719.25    724.75      725.75
E53       726     734       727.25    732.75      733.75
E54       734     742       735.25    740.75      741.75
E55       742     750       743.25    748.75      749.75
E56       750     758       751.25    756.75      757.75
E57       758     766       759.25    764.75      765.75
E58       766     774       767.25    772.75      773.75
E59       774     782       775.25    780.75      781.75
E60       782     790       783.25    788.75      789.75
E61       790     798       791.25    796.75      797.75
E62       798     806       799.25    804.75      805.75
E63       806     814       807.25    812.75      813.75
E64       814     822       815.25    820.75      821.75
E65       822     830       823.25    828.75      829.75
E66       830     838       831.25    836.75      837.75
E67       838     846       839.25    844.75      845.75
E68       846     854       847.25    852.75      853.75
E69       854     862       855.25    860.75      861.75

UHF: Europe/Africa, Systems G,H,I,K,L, 625 lines
Video freq as above for E21-E69
Audio freq. 5.5 MHz (G,H), 6.0 MHz (I) or 6.5 MHz (K,L) above

French, system E

(OBSOLETE - discontinued in 1986) 
Band width:     13.15 MHz

Starts at:     -+1.75 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  (only B&W)
Audio carrier:  11.15 MHz
Ends at:        11.40 MHz

Channel    Band limits          Carriers
                             Video     Audio

F2         41.00   54.15     52.40     41.25
F4         54.15   67.30     65.55     54.40
F5        162.25  175.15    164.00    175.15
F6        162.00  175.15    173.40    162.25
F7        175.40  188.55    177.15    188.30
F8A       174.00  188.00    185.25    174.10
F8        175.15  188.30    186.55    175.40
F9        188.55  201.70    190.30    201.45
F10       188.30  201.45    199.70    188.55
F11       201.70  214.85    203.45    214.60
F12       201.45  214.60    212.85    201.70

French overseas territories, system K' #

(discontinued) 
Band width:      8 MHz

Starts at:      -1.25 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  4.43 MHz
Audio carrier:   6.50 MHz
Ends at:         6.75 MHz

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

K4        174     182       175.25    181.75
K5        182     190       183.25    189.75
K6        190     198       191.25    197.75
K7        198     206       199.25    205.75
K8        206     214       207.25    213.75
K9        214     222       215.25    221.75

French, system L #

Band width:      8 MHz

Starts at:      -1.75 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  (only B&W)
Audio carrier:   6.50 MHz
Ends at:         6.75 MHz

Channel    Band limits          Carriers
                             Video     Audio

F2         49.00   57.00     55.75     49.25
F3         53.75   61.75     60.50     54.00
F4         55.00   65.00     63.75     57.25
F5        174.75  182.85    176.00    182.50
F6        182.75  190.75    184.00    190.50
F7        190.75  198.75    192.00    198.50
F8        198.75  206.75    200.00    206.50
F9        206.75  214.75    208.00    214.50
F10       214.75  222.75    216.00    222.50

British, system A #

(OBSOLETE - discontinued in 1985) 
Band width:      5 MHz

Starts at:      +1.25 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  (only B&W)
Audio carrier:  -3.50 MHz
Ends at:        -3.75 MHz

Channel    Band limits          Carriers
                             Video     Audio

B1         41.25   46.25     45.00     41.50
B2         48      53        51.75     48.25
B3         53      58        56.75     53.25
B4         58      63        61.75     58.25
B5         63      68        66.75     63.25
B6        176     181       179.75    176.25
B7        181     186       184.75    181.25
B8        186     191       189.75    186.25
B9        191     196       194.75    191.25
B10       196     201       199.75    196.25
B11       201     206       204.75    201.25
B12       206     211       209.75    206.25
B13       211     216       214.75    211.25
B14       216     221       219.75    216.25

Ireland, system I #

(discontinued) 
Band width:      8 MHz

Starts at:      -1.25 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  (only B&W)
Audio carrier:   6.00 MHz
Ends at:         6.75 MHz

Channel    Band limits          Carriers
                             Video     Audio

A          44.5    52.5      45.75     51.75
B          52.5    60.5      53.75     59.75
C          60.5    68.5      61.75     67.75
D         174     128       175.25    181.25
E         182     190       183.25    189.25
F         190     198       191.25    197.25
G         198     206       199.25    205.25
H         206     212       207.25    213.25
I         214     222       215.25    221.25
J         222     230       223.25    229.25

Italy, system B #

(discontinued) 
Band width:      7 MHz

Starts at:      -1.25 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  4.43 MHz
Audio carrier:   5.50 MHz
Ends at:         5.75 MHz

Channel    Band limits          Carriers
                             Video     Audio

A          52.5    59.5      53.75     59.25
B          61      68        62.25     67.75
C          81      88        82.25     87.75
D         174     181       175.25    180.75
E         182.5   189.5     183.75    189.25
F         191     198       192.25    197.75
G         200     207       201.25    206.75
H         209     216       210.25    215.75
H1        216     223       217.25    222.75

Russia, system D #

Band width:      8 MHz

Starts at:      -1.25 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  4.43 MHz
Audio carrier:   6.50 MHz
Ends at:         6.75 MHz

* These channels are being phased out in favor of FM radio 

Channel    Band limits          Carriers
                             Video     Audio

R1         48.5    56.5      49.75     56.25
R2         58      66        59.25     65.75
R3         78      84        77.25     83.75
R4*        84      92        85.25     91.75
R5*        92     100        93.25     99.75
R6        174     182       175.25    181.75
R7        182     190       183.25    189.75
R8        190     198       191.25    197.75
R9        198     206       199.25    205.75
R10       206     214       207.25    213.75
R11       214     222       215.25    221.75
R12       222     230       223.25    229.75

Morocco, System B #

Band width:      7 MHz

Starts at:      -1.25 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  4.43 MHz
Audio carrier:   5.50 MHz
Ends at:         5.75 MHz

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

M4        162     169       163.25    168.75
M5        170     177       171.25    176.75
M6        178     185       179.25    184.75
M7        186     193       187.25    192.75
M8        194     201       195.25    200.75
M9        202     209       203.25    208.75
M10       210     217       211.25    216.75

South Africa, System I #

Band width:      8 MHz

Starts at:      -1.25 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  (only B&W)
Audio carrier:   6.00 MHz
Ends at:         6.75 MHz

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

S4        174     182       175.25    181.75
S5        182     190       183.25    189.75
S6        190     198       191.25    197.75
S7        198     206       199.25    205.75
S8        206     214       207.25    213.75
S9        214     222       215.25    221.75
S10       222     230       223.25    229.75
S11       230     238       231.25    237.75
S12       238     246       239.25    245.75
S13       246     254       247.25    253.75

Australia, System B

Band width:      7 MHz

Starts at:      -1.25 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  4.43 MHz
Audio carrier:   5.50 MHz
Ends at:         5.75 MHz

* These channels are being (have been) phased out. 

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

D0*        45      52        46.25     51.75
D1         56      63        57.25     62.75
D2         63      70        64.25     69.75
D3*        85      92        86.25     91.75
D4*        94     101        95.25    100.75
D5*       101     108       102.25    107.75
D5A*      137     144       138.25    143.75
D6        174     181       175.25    180.75
D7        181     188       182.25    187.75
D8        188     195       189.25    194.75
D9        195     202       196.25    201.75
D10       208     215       209.25    214.75
D11       215     222       216.25    221.75
D28       526     533       527.25    532.75
D29       533     540       534.25    539.75
D30       540     547       541.25    546.75
D31       547     554       548.25    553.75
D32       554     561       555.25    560.75
D33       561     568       562.25    567.75
D34       568     575       569.25    574.75
D35       575     582       576.25    581.75
D36       582     589       583.25    588.75
D37       589     596       590.25    595.75
D38       596     603       597.25    602.75
D39       603     610       604.25    609.75
D40       610     617       611.25    616.75
D41       617     624       618.25    623.75
D42       624     631       625.25    630.75
D43       631     638       632.25    637.75
D44       638     645       639.25    644.75
D45       645     652       646.25    651.75
D46       652     659       653.25    658.75
D47       659     666       660.25    665.75
D48       666     673       667.25    672.75
D49       673     680       674.25    679.75
D50       680     687       681.25    686.75
D51       687     694       688.25    693.75
D52       694     701       695.25    700.75
D53       701     708       702.25    707.75
D54       708     715       709.25    714.75
D55       715     722       716.25    721.75
D56       722     729       723.25    728.75
D57       729     736       730.25    735.75
D58       736     743       737.25    742.75
D59       743     750       744.25    749.75
D60       750     757       751.25    756.75
D61       757     764       758.25    763.75
D62       764     771       765.25    770.75
D63       771     778       772.25    777.75
D64       778     785       779.25    784.75
D65       785     792       786.25    791.75
D66       792     799       793.25    798.75
D67       799     806       800.25    805.75
D68       806     813       807.25    812.75
D69       813     820       814.25    819.75

New Zealand, System B #

Band width:      7 MHz

Starts at:      -1.25 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  4.43 MHz
Audio carrier:   5.50 MHz
Ends at:         5.75 MHz

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

G1         44      51        45.25     50.75
G2         54      61        55.25     60.75
G3         61      68        62.25     67.75
G4        174     181       175.25    180.75
G5        181     188       182.25    187.75
G6        188     195       189.25    194.75
G7        195     202       196.25    201.75
G8        202     209       203.25    208.75
G9        209     216       210.25    215.75

P.R. China, System D/K

Band width:      8 MHz

Starts at:      -1.25 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  4.43 MHz
Audio carrier:   6.50 MHz
Ends at:         6.75 MHz
 
Channel    Band limits          Carriers
                             Video     Audio

C1         48.5    56.5      49.75     56.25
C2         56.5    64.5      57.75     64.25
C3         64.5    72.5      65.75     72.25
C4         76      84        77.25     83.75
C5         84      92        85.25     91.75
C6        167     175       168.25    174.75
C7        175     183       176.25    182.75
C8        183     191       184.25    190.75
C9        191     199       192.25    198.75
C10       199     207       200.25    206.75
C11       207     215       208.25    214.75
C12       215     223       216.25    222.75
C13       470     478       471.25    477.75
C14       478     486       479.25    485.75
C15       486     494       487.25    493.75
C16       494     502       495.25    501.75
C17       502     510       503.25    509.75
C18       510     518       511.25    517.75
C19       518     526       519.25    525.75
C20       526     534       527.25    533.75
C21       534     542       535.25    541.75
C22       542     550       543.25    549.75
C23       550     558       551.25    557.75
C24       558     566       559.25    565.75
C25       604     612       605.25    611.75
C26       612     620       613.25    619.75
C27       620     628       621.25    627.75
C28       628     636       629.25    635.75
C29       636     644       637.25    643.75
C30       644     652       645.25    651.75
C31       652     660       653.25    659.75
C32       660     668       661.25    667.75
C33       668     676       669.25    675.75
C34       676     684       677.25    683.75
C35       684     692       685.25    691.75
C36       692     700       693.25    699.75

Japan, System M

Japan uses the same color and scanning systems as the USA, so U.S.
receivers and Japanese receivers are interchangeable on UHF. 


Japanese VHF channels

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

J1         90      96        91.25     95.75
J2         96     102        97.25    101.75
J3        102     108       103.25    107.75
J4        170     176       171.25    175.75
J5        176     182       177.25    181.75
J6        182     188       183.25    187.75
J7        188     192       189.25    193.75
J8        192     200       195.25    199.75
J9        200     206       201.25    205.75
J10       206     212       207.25    211.75
J11       212     218       213.25    217.75
J12       218     226       219.25    223.75

Japanese UHF channels

Channel   Band limits           Carriers        US channel
                             Video     Audio

J13       470     476       471.25    475.75    14
J14       476     482       477.25    481.75    15
J15       482     488       483.25    487.75    16
J16       488     494       489.25    493.75    17
J17       494     500       495.25    499.75    18
J18       500     506       501.25    505.75    19
J19       506     512       507.25    511.75    20
J20       512     518       513.25    517.75    21
J21       518     524       519.25    523.75    22
J22       524     530       525.25    529.75    23
J23       530     536       531.25    535.75    24
J24       536     542       537.25    541.75    25
J25       542     548       543.25    547.75    26
J26       548     554       549.25    553.75    27
J27       554     560       555.25    559.75    28
J28       560     566       561.25    565.75    29
J29       566     572       567.25    571.75    30
J30       572     578       573.25    577.75    31
J31       578     584       579.25    583.75    32
J32       584     590       585.25    589.75    33
J33       590     596       591.25    595.75    34
J34       596     602       597.25    601.75    35
J35       602     608       603.25    607.75    36
J36       608     614       609.25    613.75    37
J37       614     620       615.25    619.75    38
J38       620     626       621.25    625.75    39
J39       626     632       627.25    631.75    40
J40       632     638       633.25    637.75    41
J41       638     644       639.25    643.75    42
J42       644     650       645.25    649.75    43
J43       650     656       651.25    655.75    44
J44       656     662       657.25    661.75    45
J45       662     668       663.25    667.75    46
J46       668     674       669.25    673.75    47
J47       674     680       675.25    679.75    48
J48       680     686       681.25    685.75    49
J49       686     692       687.25    691.75    50
J50       692     698       693.25    697.75    51
J51       698     704       699.25    703.75    52
J52       704     710       705.25    709.75    53
J53       710     716       711.25    715.75    54
J54       716     722       717.25    721.75    55
J55       722     728       723.25    727.75    56
J56       728     734       729.25    733.75    57
J57       734     740       735.25    739.75    58
J58       740     746       741.25    745.75    59
J59       746     752       747.25    751.75    60
J60       752     758       753.25    757.75    61
J61       758     764       759.25    763.75    62
J62       764     770       765.25    769.75    63

North American Television Frequencies/Channels (MHz)

Also used in Korea, Taiwan, the Phillipines, and some Pacific Island countries. 
Band width:      6 MHz

Starts at:      -1.25 MHz
Video carrier:   0.00 MHz
Colour subcarr:  3.58 MHz
Audio carrier:   4.50 MHz
Ends at:         4.75 MHz


North American Sub band (cable)

Channel    Band limits          Carriers
                             Video     Audio

T-7         5.75   11.75      7.00     11.50
T-8        11.75   17.75     13.00     17.50
T-9        17.75   23.75     19.00     23.50
T-10       23.75   29.75     25.00     29.50
T-11       29.75   35.75     31.00     35.50
T-12       35.75   41.75     37.00     41.50
T-13       41.75   47.75     43.00     47.50

525-line TV IF

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

TV-IF      40      46        45.75     41.25

North American Low band (air)

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

A2         54      60        55.25     59.75
A3         60      66        61.25     65.75
A4         66      72        67.25     71.75
54 IRC     72      78        73.25     77.75
A5         76      82        77.25     81.75
55 IRC     78      84        79.25     83.75
A6         82      88        83.25     87.75
56 IRC     84      90        85.25     89.75

North American FM band (cable)

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

57 I A-5   90      96        91.25     95.75
58 I A-5   96     102        97.25    101.75
59 I A-5  102     108       103.25    107.75
98        108     114       109.275   113.775
99        114     120       115.275   119.775

North American Mid Band (cable)

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

14 A      120     126       121.2625  125.7625
15 B      126     132       127.2625  131.7625
16 C      132     138       133.2625  137.7625
17 D      138     144       139.25    143.75
18 E      144     150       145.25    149.75
19 F      150     156       151.25    155.75
20 G      156     162       157.25    161.75
21 H      162     168       163.25    167.75
22 I      168     174       169.25    173.75

North American Hi Band (air)

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

A7        174     180       175.25    179.75
A8        180     186       181.25    185.75
A9        186     192       187.25    191.75
A10       192     198       193.25    197.75
A11       198     204       199.25    203.75
A12       204     210       205.25    209.75
A13       210     216       211.25    215.75

North American Super Band (cable)

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

23  J     216     222       217.25    221.75
24  K     222     228       223.25    227.75
25  L     228     234       229.2625  233.7625
26  M     234     240       235.2625  239.7625
27  N     240     246       241.2625  245.7625
28  O     246     252       247.2625  251.7625
29  P     252     258       253.2625  257.7625
30  Q     258     264       259.2625  263.7625
31  R     264     270       265.2625  269.7625
32  S     270     276       271.2625  275.7625
33  T     276     282       277.2625  281.7625
34  U     282     288       283.2625  287.7625
35  V     288     294       289.2625  293.7625
36  W     294     300       295.2625  299.7625

North American Hyper Band (cable)

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

37 AA     300     306       301.2625  305.7625
38 BB     306     312       307.2625  311.7625
39 CC     312     318       313.2625  317.7625
40 DD     318     324       319.2625  323.7625
41 EE     324     330       325.2625  329.7625
42 FF     330     336       331.2625  335.7625
43 GG     336     342       337.2625  341.7625
44 HH     342     348       343.2625  347.7625
45 II     348     354       349.2625  353.7625
46 JJ     354     360       355.2625  359.7625
47 KK     360     366       361.2625  365.7625
48 LL     366     372       367.2625  371.7625
49 MM     372     378       373.2625  377.7625
50 NN     378     384       379.2625  383.7625
51 OO     384     390       385.2625  389.7625
52 PP     390     396       391.2625  395.7625
53 QQ     396     402       397.2625  401.7625
54 RR     402     408       403.25    407.75
55 SS     408     414       409.25    413.75
56 TT     414     420       415.25    419.75
57 UU     420     426       421.25    425.75
58 VV     426     432       427.25    431.75
59 WW     432     438       433.25    437.75
60 XX     438     444       439.25    443.75
61 YY     444     450       445.25    449.75
62 ZZ     450     456       451.25    455.75

North American UHF Band (air)

Channel   Band limits           Carriers
                             Video     Audio

A14       470     476       471.25    475.75
A15       476     482       477.25    481.75
A16       482     488       483.25    487.75
A17       488     494       489.25    493.75
A18       494     500       495.25    499.75
A19       500     506       501.25    505.75
A20       506     512       507.25    511.75
A21       512     518       513.25    517.75
A22       518     524       519.25    523.75
A23       524     530       525.25    529.75
A24       530     536       531.25    535.75
A25       536     542       537.25    541.75
A26       542     548       543.25    547.75
A27       548     554       549.25    553.75
A28       554     560       555.25    559.75
A29       560     566       561.25    565.75
A30       566     572       567.25    571.75
A31       572     578       573.25    577.75
A32       578     584       579.25    583.75
A33       584     590       585.25    589.75
A34       590     596       591.25    595.75
A35       596     602       597.25    601.75
A36       602     608       603.25    607.75
A37       608     614       609.25    613.75
A38       614     620       615.25    619.75
A39       620     626       621.25    625.75
A40       626     632       627.25    631.75
A41       632     638       633.25    637.75
A42       638     644       639.25    643.75
A43       644     650       645.25    649.75
A44       650     656       651.25    655.75
A45       656     662       657.25    661.75
A46       662     668       663.25    667.75
A47       668     674       669.25    673.75
A48       674     680       675.25    679.75
A49       680     686       681.25    685.75
A50       686     692       687.25    691.75
A51       692     698       693.25    697.75
A52       698     704       699.25    703.75
A53       704     710       705.25    709.75
A54       710     716       711.25    715.75
A55       716     722       717.25    721.75
A56       722     728       723.25    727.75
A57       728     734       729.25    733.75
A58       734     740       735.25    739.75
A59       740     746       741.25    745.75
A60       746     752       747.25    751.75
A61       752     758       753.25    757.75
A62       758     764       759.25    763.75
A63       764     770       765.25    769.75
A64       770     776       771.25    775.75
A65       776     782       777.25    781.75
A66       782     788       783.25    787.75
A67       788     794       789.25    793.75
A68       794     800       795.25    799.75
A69       800     806       801.25    805.75
A70       806     812       807.25    811.75
A71       812     818       813.25    817.75
A72       818     824       819.25    823.75
A73       824     830       825.25    829.75
A74       830     836       831.25    835.75
A75       836     842       837.25    841.75
A76       842     848       843.25    847.75
A77       848     854       849.25    853.75
A78       854     860       855.25    859.75
A79       860     866       861.25    865.75
A80       866     872       867.25    871.75
A81       872     878       873.25    877.75
A82       878     884       879.25    883.75
A83       884     890       885.25    889.75

TV broadcast standards, country by country, before ca 1990

Europe:
-------

PAL-B & G:           Albania, Austria, Faroe Islands, Finland, Germany, 
                     Gibraltar, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway,
                     Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
PAL-B & H:           Belgium, former Yugoslavia
PAL-B:               Azores, Denmark, Malta
PAL-I:               Ireland, United Kingdom
PAL-L & G:           Monaco
PAL-D & K:           Roumaina
SECAM-L:             France
PAL/SECAM B, G & L:  Luxembourgh
SECAM-B & G:         Greece
SECAM-D & K:         Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland,
                     former USSR


Africa:
-------

PAL-B:       Algeria, Cameroon, Ehtiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Libya,
             Madeira, Mozambique, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan,
             Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
PAL-B & G:   Canary Islands, Nigeria, Swaziland
PAL-I:       Angola, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa
PAL-K:       Guinea
SECAM-B:     Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco
SECAM-B & G: Tunisia
SECAM-D:     Chad, Congo
SECAM-K:     Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon,
             Madagascar, Mali, Mayotte, Niger, Reunion, Senegal, Togo, Zaire
SECAM-V:     Djibouti


Asia:
-----

PAL-B:             Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia,
                   Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Qatar,
                   Turkey
PAL-B & G:         Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, United Arab Emirates
PAL-B & PAL-M:     Thailand
PAL-D:             China
PAL-D & K:         North Korea
PAL-I:             Hong Kong, Macau
PAL-M:             Laos
PAL & SECAM-B:     Afghanistan
PAL & NTSC-B:      Yemen
SECAM & PAL-B & G: Saudi Arabia
SECAM-B & PAL-G:   Syrian Arab Rep.
SECAM-B:           Iran, Iraq
SECAM-B & G:       Cyprus, Lebanon
SECAM-D:           Mongolia
SECAM-M:           Cambodia
NTSC-M:            Diego Garcia, Japan, Myanmar, Philippines, South Korea,
                   Taiwan
NTSC-M & SECAM-M:  Vietnam


Australia/Pacific:
------------------

PAL-B:             Australia, Cook Islands, New Zealand, Norfolk Island
PAL-B & G:         Papua New Guinea
NTSC-M:            Fiji, Galapagos Islands, Guam, Hawaii, Micronesia,
                   Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Samoa
SECAM-K:           New Caledonia, Polynesia, Whallis Island


America:
--------

NTSC-M:            Alaska, Antigua, Aruba, Bahamas, Barabuda, Barbados,
                   Belize, Bermuda, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,
                   Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, Equador, Grenada, Guyana,
                   Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat,
                   Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico,
                   St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent, Surinam, Tobago,
                   Trinidad, USA, Venezuela, Virgin Islands
NTSC-M & N:        Bolivia
PAL-B:             Greenland
PAL-I:             Falkland Islands
PAL-M:             Brazil
PAL-N:             Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
SECAM-K:           Guadelope, French Guiana, Martinique, St Pierre et Miquelon

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Country             Broadcast std   Colour      Line        Line freq
                    VHF     UHF                 voltage

Afghanistan          B       -       PAL         220        50
Albanina             B       G        -          220        50
Algeria              B       -       PAL     127/220/380    50
Angola               -       -        -          220        50
Antigua              M       -       NTSC        110        50
Argentina            N       N       PAL         220        50
Australia            B       -       PAL         240/415    50
Austria              B       G       PAL         220/380    50
Azores               B       -       PAL         220        50
Bahamas              M       -       NTSC        110/220    60
Bahrain              B       -       PAL         230        50
Bangladesh           B       -       PAL         220/440    50
Barbados             M       -       NTSC        110/220    50
Barbuda              M       -       NTSC        110/220    50
Belgium              B       H       PAL         220        50
Benin                K       -        -          220/380    50
Bermuda              M       -       NTSC        115/230    60
Bolivia              M       M       NTSC        110/220    50
Brazil               M       M       PAL     110/127/220    50/60
Brunei               B       -       PAL     110/127/220    50/60
Bulgaria             D       K       SECAM       220        50
Canada               M       M       NTSC        115/230    60
Canary Islands       B       -       PAL         110/220    50
Chile                M       -       NTSC        220/380    50
China                D       K       PAL         220        50
Colombia             M       -       NTSC        110/220    60
Congo                D       -        -          220        50
Costa Rica           M       -       NTSC        120/220    60
Cuba                 M       M       NTSC        115/220    60
Cyprus               B       G       PAL         240        50
Czechosolvakia       D       K       SECAM       220        50
Denmark              B       G       PAL         220/380    50
Diego Garcia         M       -       NTSC        110/220    60
Djibouri             K       -       SECAM       220        50
Dominian Rep.        M       M       NTSC        110        60
Dubal (UAE)          B       G       PAL         220        50
Ecuador              M       -       NTSC        110/220    60
Egypt                B       -       SECAM       220        50
El Salvador          M       -       NTSC        110/220    60
England           (A),I      I       PAL         240/415    50
Ethiopia             B       -       PAL         127/220    50
Faroe Islands        B       -       PAL         220        50
Finland              B       G       PAL         220/380    50
France            (E),L      L       SECAM       various    50
Gabon                K       -       SECAM       220        50
Germany, East        B       G       SECAM       220/380    50
Germany, West        B       G       PAL         220/380    50
Ghana                G       -       PAL         230        50
Gibraltar            B       -       PAL         240        50
Greece               B       H       SECAM       220        50
Greenland            B       -       PAL         220/380    50
Guadelope            K       -       SECAM       220        50
Guam                 M       -       NTSC        110/220    60
Guatemala            M       -       NTSC    110/220/127    60
Guinea Republic      K       -       SECAM       220/380    50
Guinea Equatorial    B       -        -          220/380    50
Guyana               K       -       SECAM       127/220    50
Haiti                M       -       NTSC        110/220    50
Holland              B       G       PAL         220        50
Honduras             M       -       NTSC        110        60
Hong Kong            B       I       PAL         220        50
Hungary              D       K       SECAM       220        50
Iceland              B       G       PAL         220        50
India                B       -       PAL         230/400    50
Indonesia            B       -       PAL         127/220    50
Iran                 B       G       SECAM       220        50
Iraq                 B       -       SECAM       220/380    50
Ireland           (A),I      -       PAL         220/380    50
Israel               B       G       PAL         230/400    50
Italy                B       G       PAL         220/380    50
Ivory Coast          K       -       SECAM       220/380    50
Jamaica              M       -       NTSC        110/220    50
Japan                M       -       NTSC        110/220    50
Johnson Island       M       -       NTSC        110/220    60
Jordan               B,G     -       PAL         220        50
Kenya                B       -       PAL         240        50
Korea, North         D       -       PAL         220        50
Korea, South         M       M       NTSC        110        60
Kuwait               B       -       PAL         240        50
Laos                 M       -        -          127/220    50
Lebanon              B       -       SECAM       110/190    50
Liberia              B       -       PAL         120        60
Libya                B       -       SECAM       127/130    50
Luxembourg           C       G,L     PAL/SECAM   110/220    50
Madeira              B       -       PAL         220/380    50
Madagascar           K       -       SECAM       110/220    50
Malawi               B       -        -          230        50
Malaysia             B       -       PAL         230/400    50
Maldives             B       -       PAL         220        50
Malta                B       H       PAL         240        50
Martinique           K       -       SECAM       220        50
Mauritania           K       -       SECAM       220/380    50
Mauritius            B       -       SECAM       240        50
Mexico               M       -       NTSC        110/220    60
Micronesia           M       -       NTSC         -          -
Midway Islands       M       -       NTSC        110/220    60
Monaco            (E),L      G       PAL/SECAM   127/220    50
Mongolia             D       -       SECAM       220        50
Morocco              -       -        -           -         -
Mozambique           B       -       PAL         220        50
Namibia              B?      -       PAL         220        50
Netherl. Antilles    M       -       NTSC        127/220    50/60
Netherlands          B       G       PAL         220        50
New Caledonia        K       -       SECAM       220        50
New Zealand          B       -       PAL         230/400    50
Nicaragua            M       -       NTSC        120        60
Niger                K       -       SECAM       220/380    50
Nigeria              B       -       PAL         230/400    50
N. Mariana Island    M       -       NTSC        110/220    60
Norway               B       G       PAL         230        50
Oman                 B       G       PAL         230        50
Pakistan             B       -       PAL         230/400    50
Panama               M       -       NTSC      110-126      60
Paraguay             N       -       PAL         220        50
Peru                 M       -       NTSC        220        60
Philippines          M       M       NTSC        110/220    60
Poland               D       K       SECAM       220/380    50
Portugal             B       G       PAL         220/380    50
Puerto Rico          M       M       NTSC        120        60
Quatar               B       -       PAL         220        50
Reunion              K       -       SECAM       220        50
Romania              D       -       SECAM       220        50
Rwanda               K       -        -          220        50
Samoa-American       M       -       NTSC        230        50
Sarawak              B       -       PAL         220        50
Saudi Arabia         B       G       PAL/SECAM 127/220/380  50/60
Senegal              K       -       SECAM       127/220    50
Seychelles           B       -       PAL         230        50
Sierra Leone         B       -       PAL         230        50
Singapore            B       G       PAL         230/400    50
Society Islands      K       -        -          240        50
South Africa         I       I       PAL         220/380    50
Spain                B       G       PAL     127/220/380    50
Sri Lanka            B       -       PAL         220        50
St. Kitts            M       -       NTSC        220        60
St. Pierre           K       -       SECAM       220        50
Sudan                B       -       PAL         220        50
Surinam              M       -       NTSC     110-127/220   60
Swaziland            B       G       PAL         230        50
Sweden               B       G       PAL         220/380    50
Switzerland          B       G       PAL         220/380    50
Syria                B       -       SECAM       115/200    50
Tahiti               K       -       SECAM       127        60
Taiwan               M       -       NTSC        110/200    60
Tanzania             B       -       PAL         230/440    50
Thailand             B       G       PAL         230/380    50
Togo                 K       -       SECAM       127/220    50
Trinidad/Tobago      M       -       NTSC        115/230    60
Trust Territory      M       -       NTSC        110/220    60
Tunisia              B       -       SECAM   115/220/380    50
Turks-Calcosis       M       -       NTSC    110/220/440    60
Turkey               B       G       PAL         220/380    50
Uganda               B       -       PAL         240/415    50
United Arab Em.      B       G       PAL         220        50
United Kingdom       A       I       PAL         240/415    50
U.S.A.               M       M       NTSC        110/220    60
Upper Volta          K       -        -          220/380    50
Uruguay              N       -       PAL         220        50
U.S.S.R              D       K       SECAM       127/220    50
Venezuela            M       -       SECAM       120/240    60
Vietnam              D       -       SECAM   120/127/230    50
Virgin Islands       M       -       NTSC        110        60
Wake Island          M       -       NTSC        110/220    60

TV broadcast standards, country by country, ca 2000

Europe:
-------

PAL-B & G:           Albania, Austria, Faroe Islands, Finland, Germany, 
                     Gibraltar, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway,
                     Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
PAL-B & H:           Belgium, former Yugoslavia
PAL-B:               Azores, Denmark, Malta
PAL-I:               Ireland, United Kingdom
PAL/SECAM L & G:     Monaco
PAL-D & K:           Hungary, Poland, Roumaina
SECAM-L:             France
PAL/SECAM B, G & L:  Luxembourgh
PAL/SECAM-B & H:     Greece
PAL/SECAM-B & K:     Estonia
SECAM-D & K:         Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, former USSR


Africa:
-------

PAL-B:       Algeria, Cameroon, Ehtiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Libya,
             Madeira, Mozambique, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan,
             Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
PAL-B & G:   Canary Islands, Nigeria, Swaziland
PAL-I:       Angola, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa
PAL-K:       Guinea
SECAM-B:     Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco
SECAM-B & G: Tunisia
SECAM-D:     Chad, Congo
SECAM-K:     Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon,
             Madagascar, Mali, Mayotte, Niger, Reunion, Senegal, Togo, Zaire
SECAM-V:     Djibouti


Asia:
-----

PAL-B:             Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia,
                   Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Qatar,
                   Turkey
PAL-B & G:         Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, United Arab Emirates
PAL-B & PAL-M:     Thailand
PAL-D:             China
PAL-D & K:         North Korea
PAL-I:             Hong Kong, Macau
PAL-M:             Laos
PAL & SECAM-B:     Afghanistan
PAL & NTSC-B:      Yemen
SECAM & PAL-B & G: Saudi Arabia
SECAM-B & PAL-G:   Syrian Arab Rep.
SECAM-B:           Iran, Iraq
SECAM-B & G:       Cyprus, Lebanon
SECAM-D:           Mongolia
SECAM-M:           Cambodia
NTSC-M:            Diego Garcia, Japan, Myanmar, Philippines, South Korea,
                   Taiwan
NTSC-M & SECAM-M:  Vietnam


Australia/Pacific:
------------------

PAL-B:             Australia, Cook Islands, New Zealand, Norfolk Island
PAL-B & G:         Papua New Guinea
NTSC-M:            Fiji, Galapagos Islands, Guam, Hawaii, Micronesia,
                   Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Samoa
SECAM-K:           New Caledonia, Polynesia, Whallis Island


America:
--------

NTSC-M:            Alaska, Antigua, Aruba, Bahamas, Barabuda, Barbados,
                   Belize, Bermuda, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,
                   Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, Equador, Grenada, Guyana,
                   Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat,
                   Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico,
                   St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent, Surinam, Tobago,
                   Trinidad, USA, Venezuela, Virgin Islands
NTSC-M & N:        Bolivia
PAL-B:             Greenland
PAL-I:             Falkland Islands
PAL-M:             Brazil
PAL-N:             Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
SECAM-K:           Guadelope, French Guiana, Martinique, St Pierre et Miquelon

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Country           Broadcast std  Colour      Stereo  Subtitles   Line   Line freq
                    VHF   UHF                                    voltage

Afghanistan          B     -     SECAM/PAL                        220       50
Albanina             B     G     PAL                              220       50
Algeria              B     G     PAL                           127/220/380  50
Andorra              B     G,H   PAL                              220       50
Angola               I     -     PAL                              220       50
Antarctica           M           NTSC                              -        -
Antigua              M     -     NTSC                             110       50
Argentina            N     N     PAL                              220       50
Armenia              D     K     SECAM/vert                        -        -
Aruba                M     -     NTSC                              -        -
Australia            B     G     PAL         FM-FM   Teletext     240/15    50
Austria              B     G     PAL         FM-FM   Teletext     220/80    50
Azerbadjan           D     K     SECAM/vert                        -        -
Azores               B     -     PAL                              220       50
Bahamas              M     -     NTSC                             110/20    60
Bahrain              B     G     PAL                              230       50
Bangladesh           B     -     PAL                              220/40    50
Barbados             M     -     NTSC                             110/20    50
Barbuda              M     -     NTSC                             110/20    50
Belgium              B     H     PAL                              220       50
Belize               M     -     NTSC                              -        -
Benin                K     -     SECAM/vert                       220/80    50
Bermuda              M     -     NTSC                             115/30    60
Bhutan               -     -      -                                -        -
Bolivia              M     M     NTSC                             110/20    50
Bosnia               B     H     PAL                               -        -
Botswana             I     -     PAL                              230       60
Brazil               M     M     PAL         MTS              110/127/20    50/60
British Indian Ocean M     -     NTSC                              -        -
Brunei               B     B     PAL                          110/127/20    50/60
Bulgaria             D     K     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Burkina Faso         K1    -     SECAM/vert                        -        -
Burma                M     -     NTSC                             230       50
Burundi              K1    -     SECAM/vert                       230       50
Byelarus             D     K     SECAM/vert                        -        -
Cayman Island        M     -     NTSC                             120       60
Camaroon             B     G     PAL                              127/20    50
Cambodia             B     G     PAL                               -        -
Canada               M     M     NTSC        MTS     CC           115/30    60
Canary Islands       B     G     PAL                              110/20    50
Cap Verde            B     G      -                                -        -
Central African Rep  K     -     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Chad                 K1    -     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Chile                M     M     NTSC                             220/80    50
China                D     K     PAL                              220       50
Colombia             M     M     NTSC                             110/20    60
Comoros              K     -      -                                -        -
Congo                D     K     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Cook Island          B     -     PAL                               -        -
Costa Rica           M     M     NTSC                             120/20    60
Crete                B     G     PAL                               -        -
Croatia              B     H     PAL                               -        -
Cuba                 M     M     NTSC                             115/20    60
Cyprus               B     G     PAL                              240       50
Czech                B     G     PAL                              220       50
Denmark              B     G     PAL         Nicam   Teletext     220/80    50
Djibouri             B     G     SECAM                            220       50
Dominian Rep.        M     M     NTSC                             110       60
Dubal (UAE)          B     G     PAL                              220       50
Ecuador              M     M     NTSC                             110/20    60
Egypt                B     G     SECAM/PAL                        220       50
El Salvador          M     M     NTSC                             110/20    60
Equatorial Guinea    B     -     SECAM/PAL                         -        -
Estonia              D,B   D,K   SECAM/PAL                         -        -
England              I     I     PAL                              240/15    50
Ethiopia             B     G     PAL                              127/20    50
Falkland Islands     I     -     PAL                               -        -
Faroe Islands        B     -     PAL                              220       50
Fiji                 B     -     PAL                              240       50
Finland              B     G     PAL         Nicam   Teletext     220/80    50
France               L     L     SECAM               Teletext     115/30    50
French Polynesia     K1    -     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Gabon                K1    -     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Gambia               B     -     PAL                               -        -
Germany              B     G     PAL         FM-FM   Teletext     220/80    50
Ghana                B     G     PAL                              230       50
Gibraltar            B     G     PAL                              240       50
Gilbert Islands      -     -      -                                -        -
Greece               B     H     SECAM/PAL                        220       50
Greenland            B     -     PAL                              220/80    50
Greenland US Af Base M     -     NTSC                              -        -
Guadelope            K1    -     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Guam                 M     -     NTSC                             110/20    60
Guatemala            M     M     NTSC                         110/220/27    60
Guinea Republic      K     -     SECAM                            220/80    50
Guinea Bissau        B     -     PAL                              220/80    50
Guyana               M     -     NTSC                             110/20    50
Guyana, French       K1    -     SECAM                            127/20    50
Haiti                M     -     NTSC                             110/20    50
Hawaii               M     M     NTSC                             110       60
Holland              B     G     PAL         FM-FM   Teletext     220       50
Honduras             M     M     NTSC                             110       60
Hong Kong            -     I     PAL         Nicam                220       50
Hungary              D     K     PAL         Nicam                220       50
Iceland              B     G     PAL                              220       50
India                B     -     PAL                              230/00    50
Indonesia            B     G     PAL                              127/20    50
Iran                 B     G     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Iraq                 B     -     SECAM/vert                       220/80    50
Ireland              I     I     PAL         Nicam   Teletext     220/80    50
Israel               B     G     PAL         Nicam   Teletext     230/00    50
Italy                B     G     PAL         FM-FM   Teletext     220/80    50
Ivory Coast          K1    -     SECAM/vert                       220/80    50
Jamaica              M     -     NTSC                             110/20    50
Japan                M     M     NTSC        Matrix               110/20    50
Johnston Island      M     -     NTSC                             110/20    60
Jordan               B     G     PAL                              220       50
Kazakhstan           D     K     SECAM/vert                        -        -
Kenya                B     G     PAL                              240       50
Korea, North         D,M   K     PAL/NTSC                         220       50
Korea, South         M     M     NTSC                             110       60
Kuwait               B     -     PAL                              240       50
Kyrgyztan            D     K     SECAM/vert                        -        -
Laos                 B     -     PAL                              127/20    50
Latvia               B,D   G,K   PAL/SECAM                         -        -
Lebanon              B     G     SECAM                            110/90    50
Lesotho              I     -     PAL                              240       50
Liberia              B     H     PAL                              120       60
Libya                B     G     PAL                              127/30    50
Lithuania            B,D   G,K   PAL/SECAM                         -        -
Luxembourg           B,L   G,L   PAL/SECAM   Nicam   Teletext     110/20    50
Macao                I     -     PAL                               -        -
Macedonia            B     H     PAL                               -        -
Madeira              B     -     PAL                              220/80    50
Madagascar           K1    -     SECAM/vert                       110/20    50
Malawi               B     G     PAL                              230       50
Malaysia             B     -     PAL                              230/00    50
Maldives             B     -     PAL                              220       50
Mali                 K     -     SECAM/vert                       125       50
Malta                B     H     PAL                              240       50
Marshall Islands     M     -     NTSC                              -        -
Martinique           K1    -     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Mauritania           B     -     SECAM/vert                       220/80    50
Mauritius            B     -     SECAM/vert                       240       50
Mayotte              K     -     SECAM/vert                        -        -
Mexico               M     M     NTSC        MTS     CC           110/20    60
Micronesia           M     -     NTSC                              -         -
Midway Islands       M     -     NTSC                             110/20    60
Moldava              D     K     SECAM/vert                        -        -
Monaco               L     -     SECAM                            127/20    50
Mongolia             D     -     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Montserrat           M     -     NTSC                              -        -
Morocco              B     -     SECAM                             -        -
Mozambique           B     -     PAL                              220       50
Mynmar               M     -     NTSC                              -        -
Namibia              I     -     PAL                              220       50
Nepal                B     -     PAL                              220       50
Netherl. Antilles    M     M     NTSC                             127/20    50/60
Netherlands          B     G     PAL         FM-FM   Teletext     220       50
New Caledonia        K1    -     SECAM/vert                       220       50
New Zealand          B     -     PAL         Nicam   Teletext     230/00    50
Nicaragua            M     M     NTSC                             120       60
Niger                K1    -     SECAM/vert                       220/80    50
Nigeria              B     G     PAL                              230/00    50
Norfolk Island       B     -     PAL                               -        -
N. Mariana Island    M     -     NTSC                             110/20    60
Norway               B     G     PAL         Nicam                230       50
Okinawa              M     -     NTSC                             100/00    50/60
Oman                 B     G     PAL                              230       50
Pakistan             B     -     PAL                              230/00    50
Palau                M     -     NTSC                              -        -
Panama               M     M     NTSC                           110-12      60
Papua New Guinea     B     G     PAL                               -        -
Paraguay             N     N     PAL                              220       50
Peru                 M     M     NTSC                             220       60
Philippines          M     M     NTSC                             110/20    60
Poland               D     K     PAL                 Teletext     220/80    50
Polynesia            K     -     SECAM/vert                        -        -
Portugal             B     G     PAL         Nicam   Teletext     220/80    50
Puerto Rico          M     M     NTSC                             120       60
Quatar               B     -     PAL                              220       50
Reunion              K1    -     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Romania              D     K     PAL                              220       50
Russia               D     K     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Rwanda               K1    -     SECAM                            220       50
Salomon Islands      -     -      -                                -        -
Samoa-American       M     -     NTSC                             120       60
Samoa-Western        G     -     PAL                               -        -
Sao Tome             B     G     PAL                               -        -
Saudi Arabia         B     G     PAL/SECAM                      127/22/380  50/60
Senegal              K1    -     SECAM                            127/20    50
Seychelle Islands    B     G     PAL                              230       50
Sierra Leone         B     G     PAL                              230       50
Singapore            B     G     PAL                              230/00    50
Slovakia             B     D,K   SECAM/PAL                         -        -
Slovenia             B     H     PAL                               -        -
Society Islands      K     -      -                               240       50
Somalia              B     G     PAL                              220       50
South Africa         I     I     PAL                              220/80    50
Spain                B     G     PAL         Nicam   Teletext 127/220/80    50
Sri Lanka            B     -     PAL                              220       50
St. Grenadines       M     -     NTSC                              -        -
St. Kitts            M     M     NTSC                              -        -
St. Lucia            M     -     NTSC                              -        -
St. Marino           B     G     PAL                               -        -
St. Pierre           K     -     SECAM/vert                        -        -
St. Vincent          M     -     NTSC                              -        -
Sudan                B     G     PAL                              220       50
Surinam              M     M     NTSC                         110-127/220   60
Swaziland            B     G     PAL                              230       50
Sweden               B     G     PAL         Nicam   Teletext     220/80    50
Switzerland          B     G     PAL         FM-FM   Teletext     220/80    50
Syria                B     -     PAL                              115/00    50
Tahiti               K1    -     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Taiwan               M     M     NTSC                             110/00    60
Tajikistan           D     K     SECAM/vert                        -        -
Tanzania             B     B     PAL                              230/40    50
Thailand             B     G     PAL                              230/80    50
Togo                 K     -     SECAM                            127/20    50
Tonga                M     -     NTSC                              -        -
Trinidad/Tobago      M     M     NTSC                             115/30    60
Trust Territory      M     -     NTSC                             110/20    60
Tunisia              B     -     SECAM/vert                   115/220/80    50
Turks-Calcosis       M     -     NTSC                         110/220/40    60
Turkey               B     G     PAL                 Teletext     220/80    50
Turkmenistan         D     K     SECAM/Vert                        -        -
Uganda               B     G     PAL                              240/15    50
Ukraine              D     K     SECAM/vert                        -        -
United Arab Em.      B     G     PAL                              220       50
United Kingdom       -     I     PAL         Nicam   Teletext     240/15    50
Upper Volta          K1    -      -                               220/80    50
Uruguay              N     N     PAL         MTS                  220       50
U.S.A.               M     M     NTSC        MTS     CC           110/20    60
Uzbekistan           D     K     SECAM/vert                       127/20    50
Vanatu               -     -      -                                -        -
Venezuela            M     M     NTSC                             120/40    60
Vietnam              D     -   SECAM/NTSC                       120/12/230  50
Virgin Islands       M     -     NTSC                             110       60
Wake Island          M     -     NTSC                             110/20    60
Wallis & Futuna      K     -     SECAM/vert                        -        -
Western Sahara       B     G      -                                -        -
Yemen                B     -   SECAM/NTSC                         220       50
Yogoslavia           B     G     PAL                               -        -
Zaire (Congo)        K1    -     SECAM/vert                       220       50
Zambia               B     G     PAL                              230       50
Zanzibar             I     -     PAL                               -        -
Zimbabwe             B     G     PAL                              220       50

The SCART connector:

   -----------------------------------------------
   \   20  18  16  14  12  10   8   6   4   2    |
    \   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *    |
     \                                           |
      |   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *  |
     21  19  17  15  13  11   9   7   5   3   1  |
      --------------------------------------------

 1  Audio out right
 2  Audio in right
 3  Audio out left
 4  Ground audio
 5  Ground RGB blue
 6  Audio in left
 7  RGB in blue
 8  Control voltage video
 9  Ground RGB green
10  RGB sync in
11  RGB in green
12  Data
13  Ground RGB red
14  Ground data
15  RGB in red
16  Fast blanking  (+2V turns RGB on)
17  Ground video
18  Ground turnoff
19  Video out
20  Video in
21  Screen







References


"Televisionsmottagaren" ("the TV receiver") - Jan Bellander, Stockholm 1967


"Farg-TV-mottagaren" ("the colour TV receiver") - John Schroder, Stockholm 1969


(yes, these books are quite old, however when they were published, colour
TV was a "hot" topic, and both books describes these systems in quite good
detail)


World Radio TV Handbook 1975


World Radio TV Handbook 1991


The Swedish National Encyclopedia, 1989-1997


"PAL - Das Farbfernsehen", Deutsches Rundfunk-Museum








Satellite TV




Geostationary orbit parameters



Satellite period, T             23h 56m 4s = 86164 s
Radius of spherical Earth, r    6377 km
Radius of orbit, d = r + h      42157 km
Inclination                     0
Eccentricity                    0
Satellite velocity, v           3.074 km/s
Satellite altitude, h           35779 km





Direction to TV satellite



L = longitude of receiver - longitude of satellite (east long positive)
f = latitude of receiver (geocentric latitude)
r = radius of Earth
d = radius of orbit

b = acos( cos(f) * cos(L) )

                                  r * sin(elevation+90_deg)
w = 90_deg - ( elevation + asin( --------------------------- )
                                               d

                               tan(L)
azimuth    =  180_deg + atan( -------- )
                               sin(f)

                     cos(b) - r/d
elevation  =  atan( -------------- )
                        sin(b)


distance  =  sqrt( r^2 + d^2 - 2*r*d*cos(w) )





Equatorial mounting of a parabolic antenna


Inclination of polar axis = latitude + Delta



Parabola's axis should point "down", relative to the direction perpendicular
to the polar axis, by an angle = tilt angle




Latitude   Delta   Tilt angle
  deg      deg      deg

   0       0.00     0.0
   5       0.12     0.7
  10       0.24     1.4
  15       0.35     2.2
  20       0.46     2.9
  25       0.56     3.6
  30       0.65     4.3
  35       0.70     4.9
  40       0.70     5.5
  45       0.70     6.0
  50       0.70     6.6
  55       0.64     7.0
  60       0.59     7.4
  65       0.54     7.7
  70       0.45     8.0
  75       0.35     8.2
  80       0.26     8.4
  85       0.13     8.5
  90       0.00     8.6







Intelsat VA F12    60.0 E
DSF 1B             28.5 E
DFS-1A Kopernikus  23.5 E
Astra 1A           19.2 E
Astra 1B           19.2 E
Eutelsat I F1      16.0 E
Eutelsat I F4      13.0 E
Eutelsat I F5      10.0 E
Eutelsat I F2       7.0 E
Tele-X              5.0 E
Intelsat V F2       1.0 W
Telecom 1C          5.0 W
Telecom 1A          8.0 W
TDF 1              19.0 W
TDF 2              19.0 W
TV Sat 2           19.0 W
Olympus            19.0 W
Intelsat VA F11    27.5 W
BSB 1              31.0 W
BSB 2              31.0 W



Low power: 20 W/ch, 10 channels
  Intelsat, Eutelsat, Ghorizont, Telecom



Medium power: 45 W/ch, 16 channels
  Astra



High power (DBS = Direct Broadcasting Satellite): 230 W/ch, 5 channels
  TDF 1/2, Tele-X, TV-Sat 1/2, BSB








LNB's (Low-Noise Block downconverter)



Band     Freq. in     Local osc.   Freq. out      Band name         Polariz
GHz        GHz           GHz         GHz

 4       3.7 - 4.2       5.15      0.95  - 1.45   C band             Circular
11     10.95 - 11.70    10.0       0.95  - 1.70   Ku band            Linear
12     11.7  - 12.5     10.75      0.95  - 1.75   Ku band, DBS band  Circular
12.5   12.5  - 12.75    11.475     1.025 - 1.275  Ku band            Linear



LNB's for 11, 12 and 12.5 GHz all use the same entrance slit:



Size of wave guide = WR-75, distance between screw holes = BRJ-120



LNB gain typically 50 dB




LNB noise factor: max 1.0-1.5 dB (HEMT transistors)
                  max 1.5-2.0 dB (GaAs-Fet transistors)








Microwave bands



P            < 0.5 GHz
L       0.5 -  2.0 GHz
S       2.0 -  4.0 GHz
C       4.0 -  8.2 GHz
X       8.2 - 12.4 GHz
Ku     12.4 - 18.0 GHz
K      18.0 - 26.5 GHz
Ka     26.5 - 40.0 GHz
Q        40 - 60   GHz
V        60 - 80   GHz
W           > 80   GHz








Satellite broadcast bands



Band   Frequency  Band name     Polarisation  Satellites
GHz      GHz

 4      3.7-4.2      C          Circular      USA, USSR (Ghorizont)
11    10.95-11.70    Ku-1       Linear
   I: 10.95-11.20                             Eutelsat
  II: 11.20-11.45                             Astra
 III: 11.45-11.70                             Eutelsat, DFS-1
12     11.7-12.5     Ku-2 (DBS) Circular      TDF-1, Tele-X, SAT, BSB
    WARC-77: 40 channels, 27 MHz/ch
12.5   12.5-12.75    Ku-3       Linear        DFS-1, Eutelsat II, Telecom-1C






WARC-77 - European DBS-frequency allocation



Slot   Longitude    Polarization     Countries
                   Even ch  Odd ch

  1     44 E                         USSR
  2     25 E                         USSR
  3      5 E         LC      RC      Scandinavia, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus
  4      1 W         RC      LC      Eastern Europe, Germany
  5      7 W         LC      RC      Yugoslavia/Albania
  6     19 W         LC      RC      Benelux, Germany, France, Austria
  7     31 W         RC      LC      UK, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Iceland
  8     37 W         LC      RC      Small European states


                   Slot 3    Slot 4    Slot 5    Slot 6    Slot 7    Slot 8
Ch  Carrier freq.    5 E       1 W       7 W      19 W      31 W      37 W
      GHz

 1  11.72748       Turkey    Poland              France              San Marino
 2  11.74666       Finland   Romania             F.R.G.    Ireland
 3  11.76584       Greece    Cz-Slov             Luxemb.   Portugal  Licthenst.
 4  11.78502       Sweden    Bulgaria            Austria   U.K.      Andorra
 5  11.80420       Turkey    Poland              France              San Marino
 6  11.82388       Finland   Romania             F.R.G.    Ireland
 7  11.84256       Greece    Cz-Slov             Luxemb.   Portugal  Licthenst.
 8  11.86174       Sweden    Bulgaria            Austria   U.K.      Andorra
 9  11.88092       Turkey    Poland              France              San Marino
10  11.90010       Finland   Romania             F.R.G.    Ireland
11  11.91928       Greece    Cz.Slov             Luxemb.   Portugal  Licthenst.
12  11.93846       Denmark   Bulgaria            Austria   U.K.      Andorra
13  11.95764       Turkey    Poland              France              San Marino
14  11.97682       Norway    Romania             F.R.G.    Ireland
15  11.99600       Greece    Cz-Slov             Luxemb.   Portugal  Licthenst.
16  12.01518       Denmark   Bulgaria            Austria   U.K.      Andorra
17  12.03436       Turkey    Poland              France              San Marino
18  12.05354       Norway    Romania             F.R.G.    Ireland
19  12.07272       Greece    Cz-Slov             Luxemb.   Portugal  Licthenst.
20  12.09190       Denmark   Bulgaria            Austria   U.K.      Andorra
21  12.11108       Cyprus    F.R.G.    Yogosl.   Belgium   Iceland   Monaco
22  12.13026       Finland   Hungary   Albania   Switzerl.
23  12.14944       Iceland                       Netherl.  Spain     Vatican
24  12.16862       Denmark                       Italy
25  12.18780       Cyprus    F.R.G.    Yogosl.   Belgium   Iceland   Monaco
26  12.20698       Finland   Hungary   Albania   Switzerl.
27  12.22616       Iceland                       Netherl.  Spain     Vatican
28  12.24534       Norway                        Italy
29  12.26452       Cyprus    F.R.G.    Yogosl.   Belgium   Iceland   Monaco
30  12.28370       Sweden    Hungary   Albania   Switzerl.
31  12.30288       Iceland                       Netherl.  Spain     Vatican
32  12.32206       Norway                        Italy
33  12.34124       Cyprus    F.R.G.    Yogosl.   Belgium   Iceland   Monaco
34  12.36042       Sweden    Hungary   Albania   Switzerl.
35  12.37960       Iceland                       Netherl.  Spain     Vatican
36  12.39878       Denmark                       Italy
37  12.31796       Cyprus    F.R.G.    Yogosl.   Belgium   Iceland   Monaco
38  12.33714       Norway    Hungary   Albania   Switzerl.
39  12.35632       Iceland                       Netherl.  Spain     Vatican
40  12.37550       Sweden                        Italy






North American Satellite Channel Frequency Chart (standardized)



All broadcasts in 525-lines NTSC, audio usually 6.20/6.80 MHz

C-band:

Channel  1  =  3720 MHz
Channel  2  =  3740 MHz
Channel  3  =  3760 MHz
Channel  4  =  3780 MHz
Channel  5  =  3800 MHz
Channel  6  =  3820 MHz
Channel  7  =  3840 MHz
Channel  8  =  3860 MHz
Channel  9  =  3880 MHz
Channel 10  =  3900 MHz
Channel 11  =  3920 MHz
Channel 12  =  3940 MHz
Channel 13  =  3960 MHz
Channel 14  =  3980 MHz
Channel 15  =  4000 MHz
Channel 16  =  4020 MHz
Channel 17  =  4040 MHz
Channel 18  =  4060 MHz
Channel 19  =  4080 MHz
Channel 20  =  4100 MHz
Channel 21  =  4120 MHz
Channel 22  =  4140 MHz
Channel 23  =  4160 MHz
Channel 24  =  4180 MHz


Ku-band:  based on 16-channel subdivision.  For 32-channel subdivision
format use half-spacing.  No universal standard is set.

Channel  1  = 11730 MHz
Channel  2  = 11743 MHz
Channel  3  = 11791 MHz
Channel  4  = 11804 MHz
Channel  5  = 11852 MHz
Channel  6  = 11865 MHz
Channel  7  = 11913 MHz
Channel  8  = 11926 MHz
Channel  9  = 11974 MHz
Channel 10  = 11987 MHz
Channel 11  = 12035 MHz
Channel 12  = 12048 MHz
Channel 13  = 12096 MHz
Channel 14  = 12109 MHz
Channel 15  = 12157 MHz
Channel 16  = 12170 MHz





          Uplink       Downlink   Diff   Outpout power   Antenna gain  EIRP
           GHz          GHz       GHz       W  dBW          x   dB

4 GHz:      6            4        2
Astra:  14.25-14.50  11.20-11.45  3.05     45  16.5       4000  36     52.5
TDF-1:     17           12        5       230  23.6       4500  36.5   60.1









Noise computations



C = carrier power, N = noise power, S = signal power

AM: C/N = S/N
FM: S/N about 20 dB larger than C/N ("FM gain")
     C/N   S/N  dB
      5    15
     10    30   ("FM threshold")
     15    35
     20    45
     25    45
     30    50

C/N:  10-12 dB: acceptable image
      12-16 dB: quite good image
        >16 dB: good image

C/N(dB) = C(dBW) - N(dBW)


Carrier power:

EIRP = satellite's Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power

SD   = Spread damping  =  1/(4*pi*r^2)  where r = distance to satellite
         Europe:  r = 40000 km  ==>  SD = -163.0 dB/m2
         Equator: r = 36000 km  ==>  SD = -162.1 dB/m2

RD   = Rain Damping
          90%   of the year:  RD  <= -0.2 dB
          99.5% of the year:  RD  <= -0.6 dB
          99.9% of the year:  RD  <= -1.0 dB
           0.1% of the year:  RD  >  -1.0 dB doe to very heavy rain
       Use RD = -1.0 dB to get some safety margin

Ae   = Effective area of receiving parabola
       Ae (dB) = 10 * log10( h * A ) = 10 * log10( h * pi*D^2/4 )
        A = area of paraboloc antenna
        D = diameter of parabolic antenna
        h = efficiency of parabolic antenna
         h = 60%, D = 0.3 m ==> Ae = -13.7 dB
         h = 60%, D = 0.6 m ==> Ae =  -7.7 dB
         h = 60%, D = 0.9 m ==> Ae =  -4.2 dB
         h = 60%, D = 1.2 m ==> Ae =  -1.7 dB
         h = 60%, D = 1.8 m ==> Ae =  +1.8 dB


Flux (dBW/m2) = EIRP (dBW) + SD (dB/m2)

C = EIRP + SD + RD + Ae

Ex: TDF-1, 60 cm parabola:

C  =  60.1 - 163.0 - 1.0 - 7.7  =  -111.6 dBW  (==> 6.9E-12 W)


Noise power:

N = K * T * B

K = Boltzmann's constant = 1.38E-23  W/Hz K  =  -228.6 dBW/Hz K

T = noise temperature, K

B = bandwidth, Hz

Origin of noise:
   The first FET transistor in the LNB
   Atmospheric noise and ground noise picked up by the parabolic antenna

Noise factor in LNB:

NF = 10 log10( TLNB / Tenv + 1 )

TLNB = noise temperature of LNB
Tenv = noise temperature of envirnment (typically 300K)

NF, dB:      1.0   1.3   1.5   1.8   2.0    (Tenv = 300K)
TLNB, K:      78   105   124   154   175

Assume NF of LNB = 1.5 dB ==> TLNB = 124 K
Assume bandwidth = 27 MHz = 27E6 Hz


Antenna's noise temperature, 12 GHz:

Elev., deg:       0     5    10    20    30    40    60    90
Ta, 12 GHz, K:  300   190   140    80    60    40    25    20
Ta,  4 GHz, K:  300    80    50    30    20    20    15    15

Assume elevation = 20 deg ==> Ta = 80 K

Sum the noise temperatures:   T = Ta + TLNB = 80 K + 124 K = 204 K

N(dB) = K(dB)  +  T(dB)  +  B(dB)
       -228.6     +23.1     +74.3   =   -131.2 dBW


C/N  =   EIRP  +  SD  +  RD  +   Ae   -   K   -   B   -   T
        +60.1 -163.0   -1.0    -7.7  +228.6   -23.1   -74.3  =  19.6 dB


Minimum required size of parabolic antenna
(LNB NF = 18 dB, antenna efficiency = 0.6, elevation = 18 deg)

  EIRP     --------- C/N ---------
  dBW      10 dB    12 dN    16 dB

   60       0.22     0.30     0.45
   58       0.30     0.38     0.60
   56       0.38     0.45     0.75
   54       0.45     0.60     0.90
   52       0.60     0.75     1.2
   50       0.75     0.90     1.5
   48       0.90     1.2      1.8
   46       1.2      1.5      2.4
   44       1.5      1.8      3.0
   42       1.8      2.4      3.6
   40       2.4      3.0      4.8

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Signal strengths:

0 dbW = 30 dBmW

LNB makes the signal ca 50 dB stronger.  Ca -120 dBW into LNB ==>
ca -70 dBW = -40 dBmW out from LNB.  Satellite tuner wants an input
between -30 dBmW and -60 dBmW.

Coax cable attenuation, dB/100 meter:

Cable diam:   6    10    12    14  
----------------------------------
 950 MHz:    20    14    10     8
1750 MHz:    30    20    14    11

An ordinary TV coax can therefore be no longer than ca 50 meters
between LNB and satellite tuner, if no line amplifier is inserted
somewhere along the way.







Links to other related sites


Conventional Analog Television - An Introduction: 
http://www.ee.washington.edu/conselec/CE/kuhn/ntsc/95x4.htm



Colour TV systems - a comparison: 
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Contrib/WorldTV/compare.html



Colour technology: 
http://www.inforamp.net/~poynton/Poynton-colour.html



TV broadcasting systems: 
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Contrib/WorldTV/broadcast.html



TV frequencies of the world: 
http://personal.bna.bellsouth.net/bna/w/9/w9wi/articles/system.htm



TV technical info for DX-ers: 
http://personal.bna.bellsouth.net/bna/w/9/w9wi/index.htm



Worldwide TV standards - a web guide: 
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Contrib/WorldTV/



Why do different TV standards exist? 
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Contrib/WorldTV/why.html



Ernie Wright's RGB vs NTSC site: 
http://members.home.net/erniew/rgbyiq.html



Dan Bruton's Color Science page: 
http://www.physics.sfasu.edu/astro/color.html



Video tape formats: 
http://www.high-techproductions.com/formats.htm



HDTV - High Definition TeleVision:
http://www.ee.washington.edu/conselec/CE/kuhn/hdtv/95x5.htm






TV standards:
 
http://avinvest.de/technik1.htm

http://www.reelone.fi/Standards.html

http://www.clicktx.com/tvstandards.htm

http://www.world-import.com/the_chart.htm

http://www.videomit.com/map.htm

http://www.tenlab.com/worldtv.htm

http://www.universal.nl/users/berteler/multimedia/PAL_NTSC.htm