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What is Morse Code ?

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Morse code is a SIGNALING code first devised by Samuel F.B. MORSE in 1838 for use with his electromagnetic TELEGRAPH. The code used two basic symbols or signaling elements: the "dot," a short-duration electric current, which gave a quick deflection of the armature of Morse's receiver and so caused a dot to be printed on the strip of paper moving beneath the ink pen carried by the armature; and the "dash," a longer-duration signal that caused a dash to be printed. Using this code, the various alphanumeric characters that compose a message (letters and numerals) could be represented by groups of these two signal elements. In the International Morse code, for example, one dot followed by one dash (.-) symbolizes the letter A; the number seven appears as "dash dash dot dot dot" (--...). The dot-and-dash elements are separated by an interval that has the duration of one dot; the dash has a duration equal to three dots. The space between characters, whether letters or numbers, is equal to three dot units; the separation between words is six units. Morse's code rapidly gained acceptance and evolved into several forms -- Early Morse, American Morse, and International Morse. In its international form it is still in use.

Although Morse devised his code for use with a printing telegraph, he and his colleague Alfred Vail soon realized that messages could easily be read from the sound of the clicking armature. When the printer was replaced by a simple buzzer, the operator could read the message from the sequence of dots and dashes. Radio telegraphy was introduced in 1897, and Morse code was again employed; in early use the radio signal would cause a sensitive relay to operate the local printer or buzzer circuit. Similarly, Morse code was applied to the left and right beats of the needle of the submarine telegraph and the light flashes produced by a signaling lamp used between ships at sea. Morse's work dominated signal coding practice until well into the 20th century.   [Eric Eastwood]


Bibliography:
Carron, Morse Code: The Essential Language (1986).


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