Thanks Koos PA0KDF we can count duty cycle for Feld-Hell mode. Duty cycle for several modes: RTTY, FM 100 % PSK31 80 % CW 46 % for standard dash/dot/pause SSB 50-80 % by compression HELL 22 % Duty cycle in Feld -Hell mode can be count exactly as sum of dark pixels divided by total sum of all pixels multiplied by 100 (%). Number of pixels is 7 horizontally x 14 vertically = 98. Koos counted these values for each character: (sum of pixels by columns:) A 9+5+4+5+9 = 32 >> 32.7 % B 4+10+4+4+8 = 30 >> 30.6 % C 10+4+4+4+4 = 26 >> 26.5 % D 4+10+4+4+8 = 30 >> 30.6 % E 10+6+6+4+4 = 30 >> 30.6 % F 10+4+4+2+2 = 22 >> 22.4 % G 10+4+4+6+8 = 32 >> 32.7 % H 10+2+2+2+10 = 26 >> 26.5 % I 0+0+10+0+0 = 10 >> 10.2 % J 4+2+2+2+10 = 20 >> 20.4 % K 10+2+4+5+5 = 26 >> 26.5 % L 10+2+2+2+2 = 18 >> 18.4 % M 10+2+2+2+10 = 26 >> 26.5 % N 10+3+3+3+10 = 29 >> 29.6 % O 10+4+4+4+10 = 32 >> 32.7 % P 4+10+6+4+6 = 30 >> 30.6 % Q 10+4+6+10+4 = 34 >> 34.7 % R 10+4+4+6+8 = 32 >> 32.7 % S 6+6+6+6+6 = 30 >> 30.6 % T 2+2+10+2+2 = 18 >> 18.4 % U 10+2+2+2+10 = 26 >> 26.5 % V 10+3+3+3+3 = 22 >> 22.4 % W 9+2+4+2+9 = 26 >> 26.5 % X 6+4+4+4+6 = 24 >> 24.5 % Y 3+2+7+2+3 = 17 >> 17.3 % Z 5+7+6+7+5 = 30 >> 30.6 % 1 0+2+2+10+0 = 12 >> 12.2 % 2 5+6+6+6+2 = 25 >> 25.5 % 3 2+4+6+8+4 = 24 >> 24.5 % 4 7+2+2+10+2 = 23 >> 23.5 % 5 2+2+8+6+6 = 24 >> 24.5 % 6 9+6+6+4+5 = 30 >> 30.6 % 7 5+5+5+5+3 = 23 >> 23.5 % 8 8+8+6+8+8 = 38 >> 38.8 % 9 5+6+6+4+8 = 29 >> 29.6 % 0 8+4+4+4+8 = 28 >> 28.6 % / 3+3+3+3+3 = 15 >> 15.3 % + 2+2+8+2+2 = 16 >> 16.3 % - 2+2+2+2+2 = 10 >> 10.2 % ? 2+2+8+5+0 = 17 >> 17.3 % . 0+3+3+0+0 = 6 >> 6.1 % , 2+5+0+0+0 = 7 >> 7.1 % ' 3+3+0+0+0 = 6 >> 6.1 % = 4+4+4+4+4 = 20 >> 20.4 % ) 6+6+4+0+0 = 16 >> 16.3 % ( 0+0+4+6+6 = 16 >> 16.3 % : 6+6+0+0+0 = 12 >> 12.2 % Average value for all characters is 23.8 % Special characters: % 5+5+3+5+5 = 23 >> 23.5 % ! 0+9+9+0+0 = 18 >> 18.4 % @ 10+4+9+8+12 = 43 >> 43.9 % # 4+10+4+10+4 = 32 >> 32.7 % $ 6+6+12+6+6 = 36 >> 36.7 % ^ 2+2+2+2+0 = 8 >> 8.2 % _ 2+2+2+2+2+2+2 = 14 >> 14.3 % "88" (kiss) 6+5+4+6+5+6 = 32 >> 32.7 % Average value for word "PARIS" incl. one additional pause between words: 30 + 32 + 32 + 10 + 30 + 0 = 134 / (6*98) = 22.8 % ========================================================================= You see how it is advantageous for QSO under difficult conditions and for "RF ecology".