NAME
    BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux

SYNTAX
     BusyBox <function> [arguments...]  # or

     <function> [arguments...]          # if symlinked

DESCRIPTION
    BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a
    single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of
    the utilities you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The
    utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their
    full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included
    provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU
    counterparts.

    BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
    mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
    commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
    your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc,
    and a Linux kernel. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
    for any small or embedded system.

    BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the
    components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or
    'make menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable.
    The run 'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.

    After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install
    BusyBox. This will install the '/bin/busybox' binary, and will also
    create symlinks pointing to the '/bin/busybox' binary for each utility
    that you compile into BusyBox. By default, 'make install' will place
    these symlinks into the './_install' directory, unless you have defined
    'PREFIX', thereby specifying some alternative location (i.e., 'make
    PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you wish to install using hardlinks,
    rather than the default of using symlinks, you can use 'make
    PREFIX=/tmp/foo install-hardlinks' instead.

USAGE
    BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable
    program that performs the same job as more than one utility program.
    That means there is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary
    acts like a large number of utilities. This allows BusyBox to be smaller
    since all the built-in utility programs (we call them applets) can share
    code for many common operations.

    You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the
    command line. For example, entering

            /bin/busybox ls

    will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.

    Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful. So
    most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.

    For example, entering

            ln -s /bin/busybox ls
            ./ls

    will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been
    compiled into BusyBox). Generally speaking, you should never need to
    make all these links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this
    for you when you run the 'make install' command.

    If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list
    of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.

COMMON OPTIONS
    Most BusyBox commands support the --help argument to provide a terse
    runtime description of their behavior. If the
    CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has been enabled, more detailed
    usage information will also be available.

COMMANDS
    Currently defined functions include:

            addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, ar, arping, ash, awk, basename, bunzip2,
            busybox, bzcat, cal, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear, cmp,
            cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, delgroup, deluser,
            devfsd, df, dirname, dmesg, dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg-deb, du, dumpkmap,
            dumpleases, echo, egrep, env, expr, false, fbset, fdflush, fdformat, fdisk,
            fgrep, find, fold, free, freeramdisk, fsck.minix, ftpget, ftpput, getopt,
            getty, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, hdparm, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname,
            httpd, hush, hwclock, id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, inetd, init, insmod,
            install, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, iplink, iproute, iptunnel, kill, killall,
            klogd, lash, last, length, linuxrc, ln, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login,
            logname, logread, losetup, ls, lsmod, makedevs, md5sum, mesg, mkdir,
            mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, modprobe, more, mount, msh, mt,
            mv, nameif, nc, netstat, nslookup, od, openvt, passwd, patch, pidof, ping,
            ping6, pipe_progress, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, rdate,
            readlink, realpath, reboot, renice, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm,
            rpm2cpio, run-parts, rx, sed, seq, setkeycodes, sha1sum, sleep, sort,
            start-stop-daemon, strings, stty, su, sulogin, swapoff, swapon, sync,
            sysctl, syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, time, top,
            touch, tr, traceroute, true, tty, udhcpc, udhcpd, umount, uname,
            uncompress, uniq, unix2dos, unzip, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode,
            vconfig, vi, vlock, watch, watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, xargs,
            yes, zcat

COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS
    addgroup
        addgroup [-g GID] group_name [user_name]

        Adds a group to the system

        Options:

                -g GID          specify gid

        -------------------------------

    adduser
        adduser [OPTIONS] user_name

        Adds a user to the system

        Options:

                -h DIR          Assign home directory DIR
                -g GECOS        Assign gecos field GECOS
                -s SHELL        Assign login shell SHELL
                -G              Add the user to existing group GROUP
                -S              create a system user (ignored)
                -D              Do not assign a password (logins still possible via ssh)
                -H              Do not create the home directory

        -------------------------------

    adjtimex
        adjtimex [-q] [-o offset] [-f frequency] [-p timeconstant] [-t tick]

        Reads and optionally sets system timebase parameters. See
        adjtimex(2).

        Options:

                -q              quiet mode - do not print
                -o offset       time offset, microseconds
                -f frequency    frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm)
                                (positive values make the system clock run fast)
                -t tick         microseconds per tick, usually 10000
                -p timeconstant

        -------------------------------

    ar  ar [-o] [-v] [-p] [-t] [-x] ARCHIVE FILES

        Extract or list FILES from an ar archive.

        Options:

                -o              preserve original dates
                -p              extract to stdout
                -t              list
                -x              extract
                -v              verbosely list files processed

        -------------------------------

    arping
        arping [-fqbDUA] [-c count] [-w timeout] [-I device] [-s sender]
        target

        Ping hosts by ARP requests/replies.

        Options:

                -f              Quit on first ARP reply
                -q              Be quiet
                -b              Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast
                -D              Duplicated address detection mode
                -U              Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbours
                -A              ARP answer mode, update your neighbours
                -c count        Stop after sending count ARP request packets
                -w timeout      Time to wait for ARP reply, in seconds
                -I device       Outgoing interface name, default is eth0
                -s sender       Set specific sender IP address
                target          Target IP address of ARP request

        -------------------------------

    ash ash [FILE]... or: ash -c command [args]...

        The ash shell (command interpreter)

        -------------------------------

    awk awk [OPTION]... [program-text] [FILE ...]

        Options:

                -v var=val              assign value 'val' to variable 'var'
                -F sep          use 'sep' as field separator
                -f progname             read program source from file 'progname'

        -------------------------------

    basename
        basename FILE [SUFFIX]

        Strips directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also
        removes any trailing SUFFIX.

        Example:

                $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
                foo
                $ basename /usr/local/bin/
                bin
                $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
                bar

        -------------------------------

    bunzip2
        bunzip2 [OPTION]... [FILE]

        Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-' or omitted).

        Options:

                -c      Write output to standard output
                -f      Force

        -------------------------------

    bzcat
        bzcat FILE

        Uncompress to stdout.

        -------------------------------

    cal cal [-jy] [[month] year]

        Display a calendar.

        Options:

                -j      Use julian dates.
                -y      Display the entire year.

        -------------------------------

    cat cat [-u] [FILE]...

        Concatenates FILE(s) and prints them to stdout.

        Options:

                -u      ignored since unbuffered i/o is always used

        Example:

                $ cat /proc/uptime
                110716.72 17.67

        -------------------------------

    chgrp
        chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...

        Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.

        Options:

                -R      Changes files and directories recursively.

        Example:

                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
                $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -r--r--r--    1 andersen root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo

        -------------------------------

    chmod
        chmod [-R] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...

        Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +-=
        and one or more of the letters rwxst.

        Options:

                -R      Changes files and directories recursively.

        Example:

                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -rw-rw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
                $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -rwxrw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
                $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo

        -------------------------------

    chown
        chown [ -Rh ]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP]] FILE...

        Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.

        Options:

                -R      Changes files and directories recursively.
                -h      Do not dereference symbolic links.

        Example:

                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
                $ chown root /tmp/foo
                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -r--r--r--    1 root     andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
                $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
                ls -l /tmp/foo
                -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo

        -------------------------------

    chroot
        chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]

        Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.

        Example:

                $ ls -l /bin/ls
                lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox
                # mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
                # chroot /mnt
                # ls -l /bin/ls
                -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        40816 Feb  5 07:45 /bin/ls*

        -------------------------------

    chvt
        chvt N

        Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN

        -------------------------------

    clear
        clear

        Clear screen.

        -------------------------------

    cmp cmp [-l] [-s] FILE1 [FILE2]

        Compare files. Compares FILE1 vs stdin if FILE2 is not specified.

        Options:

                -l      Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
                          for all differing bytes.
                -s      quiet mode - do not print

        -------------------------------

    cp  cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST

        Copies SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

                -a      Same as -dpR
                -d      Preserves links
                -p      Preserves file attributes if possible
                -f      force (implied; ignored) - always set
                -i      interactive, prompt before overwrite
                -R,-r   Copies directories recursively

        -------------------------------

    cpio
        cpio -[dimtuv][F cpiofile]

        Extract or list files from a cpio archive Main operation mode:

                d               make leading directories
                i               extract
                m               preserve mtime
                t               list
                v               verbose
                u               unconditional overwrite
                F               input from file

        -------------------------------

    crond
        crond -d[#] -c <crondir> -f -b

                -d [#] -l [#] -S -L logfile -f -b -c dir
                -d num  debug level
                -l num  log level (8 - default)
                -S      log to syslogd (default)
                -L file log to file
                -f      run in fordeground
                -b      run in background (default)
                -c dir  working dir

        -------------------------------

    crontab
        crontab [-c dir] {file|-}|[-u|-l|-e|-d user]

                file <opts>  replace crontab from file
                -    <opts>  replace crontab from stdin
                -u user      specify user
                -l [user]    list crontab for user
                -e [user]    edit crontab for user
                -d [user]    delete crontab for user
                -c dir       specify crontab directory

        -------------------------------

    cut cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...

        Prints selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.

        Options:

                -b LIST         Output only bytes from LIST
                -c LIST         Output only characters from LIST
                -d CHAR         Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
                -s              Output only the lines containing delimiter
                -f N            Print only these fields
                -n              Ignored

        Example:

                $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
                Hello
                $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
                world

        -------------------------------

    date
        date [OPTION]... [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] [+FORMAT]

        Displays the current time in the given FORMAT, or sets the system
        date.

        Options:

                -R              Outputs RFC-822 compliant date string
                -d STRING       Displays time described by STRING, not `now'
                -I[TIMESPEC]    Outputs an ISO-8601 compliant date/time string.
                                TIMESPEC=`date' (or missing) for date only,
                                `hours', `minutes', or `seconds' for date and,
                                time to the indicated precision.
                -s              Sets time described by STRING
                -r FILE         Displays the last modification time of FILE
                -u              Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time

        Example:

                $ date
                Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000

        -------------------------------

    dc  dc expression ...

        This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the following
        operations: +, add, -, sub, *, mul, /, div, %, mod, **, exp, and,
        or, not, eor. For example: 'dc 2 2 add' -> 4, and 'dc 8 8 \* 2 2 +
        /' -> 16.

        Options: p - Prints the value on the top of the stack, without
        altering the stack. f - Prints the entire contents of the stack
        without altering anything. o - Pops the value off the top of the
        stack and uses it to set the output radix.

            Only 10 and 16 are supported.

        Example:

                $ dc 2 2 + p
                4
                $ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + / p
                16
                $ dc 0 1 and p
                0
                $ dc 0 1 or p
                1
                $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul p | dc
                64

        -------------------------------

    dd  dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N] [seek=N]
        [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync]

        Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options

                if=FILE         read from FILE instead of stdin
                of=FILE         write to FILE instead of stdout
                bs=N            read and write N bytes at a time
                count=N         copy only N input blocks
                skip=N          skip N input blocks
                seek=N          skip N output blocks
                conv=notrunc    don't truncate output file
                conv=noerror    continue after read errors
                conv=sync       pad blocks with zeros

        Numbers may be suffixed by c (x1), w (x2), b (x512), kD (x1000), k
        (x1024), MD (x1000000), M (x1048576), GD (x1000000000) or G
        (x1073741824).

        Example:

                $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
                4+0 records in
                4+0 records out

        -------------------------------

    deallocvt
        deallocvt [N]

        Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN

        -------------------------------

    delgroup
        delgroup GROUP

        Deletes group GROUP from the system

        -------------------------------

    deluser
        deluser USER

        Deletes user USER from the system

        -------------------------------

    devfsd
        devfsd mntpnt [-v][-fg][-np]

        Optional daemon for managing devfs permissions and old device name
        symlinks.

        Options:

                mntpnt  The mount point where devfs is mounted.

                -v      Print the protocol version numbers for devfsd
                        and the kernel-side protocol version and exits.

                -fg     Run the daemon in the foreground.

                -np     Exit  after  parsing  the configuration file
                        and processing synthetic REGISTER events.
                        Do not poll for events.

        -------------------------------

    df  df [-hmk] [FILESYSTEM ...]

        Print the filesystem space used and space available.

        Options:

                -h      print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G )
                -m      print sizes in megabytes
                -k      print sizes in kilobytes(default)

        Example:

                $ df
                Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
                /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
                /dev/sda1                64216     36364     27852  57% /boot
                $ df /dev/sda3
                Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
                /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /

        -------------------------------

    dirname
        dirname FILENAME

        Strips non-directory suffix from FILENAME

        Example:

                $ dirname /tmp/foo
                /tmp
                $ dirname /tmp/foo/
                /tmp

        -------------------------------

    dmesg
        dmesg [-c] [-n LEVEL] [-s SIZE]

        Prints or controls the kernel ring buffer

        Options:

                -c              Clears the ring buffer's contents after printing
                -n LEVEL        Sets console logging level
                -s SIZE         Use a buffer of size SIZE

        -------------------------------

    dos2unix
        dos2unix [option] [FILE]

        Converts FILE from dos format to unix format. When no option is
        given, the input is converted to the opposite output format. When no
        file is given, uses stdin for input and stdout for output.

        Options:

                -u      output will be in UNIX format
                -d      output will be in DOS format

        -------------------------------

    dpkg
        dpkg [-ilCPru] [-F option] package_name

        dpkg is a utility to install, remove and manage Debian packages.

        Options:

                -i              Install the package
                -l              List of installed packages
                -C              Configure an unpackaged package
                -F depends      Ignore depency problems
                -P              Purge all files of a package
                -r              Remove all but the configuration files for a package
                -u              Unpack a package, but don't configure it

        -------------------------------

    dpkg-deb
        dpkg-deb [-cefxX] FILE [argument]

        Perform actions on Debian packages (.debs)

        Options:

                -c      List contents of filesystem tree
                -e      Extract control files to [argument] directory
                -f      Display control field name starting with [argument]
                -x      Extract packages filesystem tree to directory
                -X      Verbose extract

        Example:

                $ dpkg-deb -X ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb /tmp

        -------------------------------

    du  du [-aHLdclsxhmk] [FILE]...

        Summarizes disk space used for each FILE and/or directory. Disk
        space is printed in units of 1024 bytes.

        Options:

                -a      show sizes of files in addition to directories
                -H      follow symbolic links that are FILE command line args
                -L      follow all symbolic links encountered
                -d N    limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth < N
                -c      output a grand total
                -l      count sizes many times if hard linked
                -s      display only a total for each argument
                -x      skip directories on different filesystems
                -h      print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G )
                -m      print sizes in megabytes
                -k      print sizes in kilobytes(default)

        Example:

                $ du
                16      ./CVS
                12      ./kernel-patches/CVS
                80      ./kernel-patches
                12      ./tests/CVS
                36      ./tests
                12      ./scripts/CVS
                16      ./scripts
                12      ./docs/CVS
                104     ./docs
                2417    .

        -------------------------------

    dumpkmap
        dumpkmap > keymap

        Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard output.

        Example:

                $ dumpkmap > keymap

        -------------------------------

    dumpleases
        dumpleases [-r|-a] [-f LEASEFILE]

        Displays the DHCP leases granted by udhcpd.

        Options:

                -f,     --file=FILENAME Leases file to load
                -r,     --remaining     Interpret lease times as time remaing
                -a,     --absolute      Interpret lease times as expire time

        -------------------------------

    echo
        echo [-neE] [ARG ...]

        Prints the specified ARGs to stdout

        Options:

                -n      suppress trailing newline
                -e      interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e., \t=tab)
                -E      disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters

        Example:

                $ echo "Erik is cool"
                Erik is cool
                $  echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
                Erik
                is
                cool
                $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
                Erik\nis\ncool

        -------------------------------

    env env [-iu] [-] [name=value]... [command]

        Prints the current environment or runs a program after setting up
        the specified environment.

        Options:

                -, -i   start with an empty environment
                -u      remove variable from the environment

        -------------------------------

    expr
        expr EXPRESSION

        Prints the value of EXPRESSION to standard output.

        EXPRESSION may be:

                ARG1 |  ARG2    ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
                ARG1 &  ARG2    ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
                ARG1 <  ARG2    ARG1 is less than ARG2
                ARG1 <= ARG2    ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2
                ARG1 =  ARG2    ARG1 is equal to ARG2
                ARG1 != ARG2    ARG1 is unequal to ARG2
                ARG1 >= ARG2    ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2
                ARG1 >  ARG2    ARG1 is greater than ARG2
                ARG1 +  ARG2    arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2
                ARG1 -  ARG2    arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2
                ARG1 *  ARG2    arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2
                ARG1 /  ARG2    arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2
                ARG1 %  ARG2    arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2
                STRING : REGEXP             anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
                match STRING REGEXP         same as STRING : REGEXP
                substr STRING POS LENGTH    substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
                index STRING CHARS          index in STRING where any CHARS is found,
                                            or 0
                length STRING               length of STRING
                quote TOKEN                 interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
                                            it is a keyword like `match' or an
                                            operator like `/'
                ( EXPRESSION )              value of EXPRESSION

        Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
        Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
        lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between
        \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
        of characters matched or 0.

        -------------------------------

    false
        false

        Return an exit code of FALSE (1).

        Example:

                $ false
                $ echo $?
                1

        -------------------------------

    fbset
        fbset [options] [mode]

        Show and modify frame buffer settings

        Example:

                $ fbset
                mode "1024x768-76"
                        # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
                        geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
                        timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
                        accel false
                        rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
                endmode

        -------------------------------

    fdflush
        fdflush DEVICE

        Forces floppy disk drive to detect disk change

        -------------------------------

    fdformat
        fdformat [-n] DEVICE

        Low-level formats a floppy disk

        Options:

                -n      Don't verify after format

        -------------------------------

    fdisk
        fdisk [-luv] [-C CYLINDERS] [-H HEADS] [-S SECTORS] [-b SSZ] DISK

        Change partition table Options:

                -l  List partition table(s)
                -u  Give Start and End in sector (instead of cylinder) units
                -s PARTITION  Give partition size(s) in blocks
                -b 2048: (for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors
                -C CYLINDERS  Set the number of cylinders
                -H HEADS  Set the number of heads
                -S SECTORS  Set the number of sectors
                -v  Give fdisk version

        -------------------------------

    find
        find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]

        Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is the
        current directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print'

        EXPRESSION may consist of:

                -follow         Dereference symbolic links.
                -name PATTERN   File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN.
                -print          Print (default and assumed).

                -type X         Filetype matches X (where X is one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
                -perm PERMS     Permissions match any of (+NNN); all of (-NNN);
                                or exactly (NNN)
                -mtime TIME     Modified time is greater than (+N); less than (-N);
                                or exactly (N) days
                -newer FILE     Modified time is more recent than FILE's
                -inum N         File has inode number N

        Example:

                $ find / -name passwd
                /etc/passwd

        -------------------------------

    fold
        fold [-bsw] [FILE]

        Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing
        to standard output.

        Options:

                -b      count bytes rather than columns
                -s      break at spaces
                -w      use WIDTH columns instead of 80

        -------------------------------

    free
        free

        Displays the amount of free and used system memory

        Example:

                $ free
                              total         used         free       shared      buffers
                  Mem:       257628       248724         8904        59644        93124
                 Swap:       128516         8404       120112
                Total:       386144       257128       129016

        -------------------------------

    freeramdisk
        freeramdisk DEVICE

        Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk.

        Example:

                $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2

        -------------------------------

    fsck.minix
        fsck.minix [-larvsmf] /dev/name

        Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems.

        Options:

                -l      Lists all filenames
                -r      Perform interactive repairs
                -a      Perform automatic repairs
                -v      verbose
                -s      Outputs super-block information
                -m      Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
                -f      Force file system check.

        -------------------------------

    ftpget
        ftpget [options] remote-host local-file remote-file

        Retrieve a remote file via FTP.

        Options:

                -c, --continue         Continue a previous transfer
                -v, --verbose          Verbose
                -u, --username         Username to be used
                -p, --password         Password to be used
                -P, --port             Port number to be used

        -------------------------------

    ftpput
        ftpput [options] remote-host remote-file local-file

        Store a local file on a remote machine via FTP.

        Options:

                -v, --verbose          Verbose
                -u, --username         Username to be used
                -p, --password         Password to be used
                -P, --port             Port number to be used

        -------------------------------

    getopt
        getopt [OPTIONS]...

        Parse command options

                -a, --alternative               Allow long options starting with single -
                -l, --longoptions=longopts      Long options to be recognized
                -n, --name=progname             The name under which errors are reported
                -o, --options=optstring Short options to be recognized
                -q, --quiet                     Disable error reporting by getopt(3)
                -Q, --quiet-output              No normal output
                -s, --shell=shell               Set shell quoting conventions
                -T, --test                      Test for getopt(1) version
                -u, --unquoted          Do not quote the output

        Example:

                $ cat getopt.test
                #!/bin/sh
                GETOPT=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
                       -n 'example.busybox' -- "$@"`
                if [ $? != 0 ] ; then  exit 1 ; fi
                eval set -- "$GETOPT"
                while true ; do
                 case $1 in
                   -a|--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
                   -b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument `$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
                   -c|--c-long)
                     case "$2" in
                       "") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
                       *)  echo "Option c, argument `$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
                     esac ;;
                   --) shift ; break ;;
                   *) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
                 esac
                done

        -------------------------------

    getty
        getty [OPTIONS]... baud_rate,... line [termtype]

        Opens a tty, prompts for a login name, then invokes /bin/login

        Options:

                -h              Enable hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control.
                -i              Do not display /etc/issue before running login.
                -L              Local line, so do not do carrier detect.
                -m              Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message.
                -w              Wait for a CR or LF before sending /etc/issue.
                -n              Do not prompt the user for a login name.
                -f issue_file   Display issue_file instead of /etc/issue.
                -l login_app    Invoke login_app instead of /bin/login.
                -t timeout      Terminate after timeout if no username is read.
                -I initstring   Sets the init string to send before anything else.
                -H login_host   Log login_host into the utmp file as the hostname.

        -------------------------------

    grep
        grep [-ihHnqvs] PATTERN [FILEs...]

        Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.

        Options:

                -H      prefix output lines with filename where match was found
                -h      suppress the prefixing filename on output
                -i      ignore case distinctions
                -l      list names of files that match
                -n      print line number with output lines
                -q      be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
                -v      select non-matching lines
                -s      suppress file open/read error messages

        Example:

                $ grep root /etc/passwd
                root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
                $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
                root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

        -------------------------------

    gunzip
        gunzip [OPTION]... FILE

        Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-').

        Options:

                -c      Write output to standard output
                -f      Force read when source is a terminal
                -t      Test compressed file integrity

        Example:

                $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
                -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
                $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
                $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
                -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar

        -------------------------------

    gzip
        gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...

        Compress FILE(s) with maximum compression. When FILE is '-' or
        unspecified, reads standard input. Implies -c.

        Options:

                -c      Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz
                -d      Decompress
                -f      Force write when destination is a terminal

        Example:

                $ ls -la /tmp/busybox*
                -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/busybox.tar
                $ gzip /tmp/busybox.tar
                $ ls -la /tmp/busybox*
                -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/busybox.tar.gz

        -------------------------------

    halt
        halt [-d<delay>]

        Halt the system. Options:

                -d              delay interval for halting.

        -------------------------------

    hdparm
        hdparm [options] [device] ..

        Options: -a get/set fs readahead

                -A   set drive read-lookahead flag (0/1)
                -b   get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
                -B   set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)
                -c   get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting
                -C   check IDE power mode status
                -d   get/set using_dma flag
                -D   enable/disable drive defect-mgmt
                -f   flush buffer cache for device on exit
                -g   display drive geometry
                -h   display terse usage information
                -i   display drive identification
                -I   detailed/current information directly from drive
                -Istdin  similar to -I, but wants /proc/ide/*/hd?/identify as input
                -k   get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
                -K   set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
                -L   set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
                -m   get/set multiple sector count
                -n   get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)
                -p   set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
                -P   set drive prefetch count
                -q   change next setting quietly
                -Q   get/set DMA tagged-queuing depth (if supported)
                -r   get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
                -R   register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
                -S   set standby (spindown) timeout
                -t   perform device read timings
                -T   perform cache read timings
                -u   get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
                -U   un-register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
                -v   defaults; same as -mcudkrag for IDE drives
                -V   display program version and exit immediately
                -w   perform device reset (DANGEROUS)
                -W   set drive write-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
                -x   tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
                -X   set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
                -y   put IDE drive in standby mode
                -Y   put IDE drive to sleep
                -Z   disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode
                -z   re-read partition table

        -------------------------------

    head
        head [OPTION]... [FILE]...

        Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than
        one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no
        FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

        Options:

                -n NUM          Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
                -c NUM          output the first NUM bytes
                -q              never output headers giving file names
                -v              always output headers giving file names

        Example:

                $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
                root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
                daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh

        -------------------------------

    hexdump
        hexdump [-[bcdefnosvx]] [OPTION] FILE

        The hexdump utility is a filter which displays the specified files,
        or the standard input, if no files are specified, in a user
        specified format

                -b              One-byte octal display
                -c              One-byte character display
                -d              Two-byte decimal display
                -e FORMAT STRING
                -f FORMAT FILE
                -n LENGTH       Interpret only length bytes of input
                -o              Two-byte octal display
                -s OFFSET       Skip offset byte
                -v              display all input data
                -x              Two-byte hexadecimal display

        -------------------------------

    hostid
        hostid

        Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine.

        -------------------------------

    hostname
        hostname [OPTION] {hostname | -F FILE}

        Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given
        (or FILE with the -F parameter), the host name will be set.

        Options:

                -s      Short
                -i      Addresses for the hostname
                -d      DNS domain name
                -f      Fully qualified domain name
                -F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname

        Example:

                $ hostname
                sage

        -------------------------------

    httpd
        httpd [-c <conf file>] [-p <port>] [-u user] [-r <realm>] [-m pass]
        [-h home] [-d/-e <string>]

        Listens for incoming http server requests.

        Options:

                -c FILE         Specifies configuration file. (default httpd.conf)
                -p PORT Server port (default 80)
                -u USER Set uid to USER after listening privileges port
                -r REALM        Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
                -m PASS         Crypt PASS with md5 algorithm
                -h HOME         Specifies http HOME directory (default ./)
                -e STRING       Html encode STRING
                -d STRING       URL decode STRING

        -------------------------------

    hwclock
        hwclock [-r|--show] [-s|--hctosys] [-w|--systohc] [-l|--localtime]
        [-u|--utc]

        Query and set the hardware clock (RTC)

        Options:

                -r      read hardware clock and print result
                -s      set the system time from the hardware clock
                -w      set the hardware clock to the current system time
                -u      the hardware clock is kept in coordinated universal time
                -l      the hardware clock is kept in local time

        -------------------------------

    id  id [OPTIONS]... [USERNAME]

        Print information for USERNAME or the current user

        Options:

                -c      prints only the security context
                -g      prints only the group ID
                -u      prints only the user ID
                -n      print a name instead of a number
                -r      prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID

        Example:

                $ id
                uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)

        -------------------------------

    ifconfig
        ifconfig [-a] <interface> [<address>]

        configure a network interface

        Options: [add <address>[/<prefixlen>]] [del <address>[/<prefixlen>]]

                [[-]broadcast [<address>]]  [[-]pointopoint [<address>]]
                [netmask <address>]  [dstaddr <address>]
                [outfill <NN>] [keepalive <NN>]
                [hw ether <address>]  [metric <NN>]  [mtu <NN>]
                [[-]trailers]  [[-]arp]  [[-]allmulti]
                [multicast]  [[-]promisc]  [txqueuelen <NN>]  [[-]dynamic]
                [mem_start <NN>]  [io_addr <NN>]  [irq <NN>]
                [up|down] ...

        -------------------------------

    ifdown
        ifdown <-ahinv> <ifaces...>

        ifdown <options> <ifaces...>

        Options:

                -h      this help
                -a      de/configure all interfaces automatically
                -i FILE use FILE for interface definitions
                -n      print out what would happen, but don't do it
                        (note that this option doesn't disable mappings)
                -v      print out what would happen before doing it
                -m      don't run any mappings
                -f      force de/configuration

        -------------------------------

    ifup
        ifup <-ahinv> <ifaces...>

        ifup <options> <ifaces...>

        Options:

                -h      this help
                -a      de/configure all interfaces automatically
                -i FILE use FILE for interface definitions
                -n      print out what would happen, but don't do it
                                (note that this option doesn't disable mappings)
                -v      print out what would happen before doing it
                -m      don't run any mappings
                -f      force de/configuration

        -------------------------------

    inetd
        inetd [-q len] [conf]

        Listens for network connections and launches programs

        Option:

                -q      Sets the size of the socket listen queue to
                        the specified value. Default is 128.

        -------------------------------

    init
        init

        Init is the parent of all processes.

        This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.

        BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field
        of the /etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If
        you want runlevels, use sysvinit.

        BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is
        found, it has the following default behavior:

                ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
                ::askfirst:/bin/sh
                ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
                ::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a
                ::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r
                ::restart:/sbin/init

        if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will
        also run:

                tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
                tty3::askfirst:/bin/sh
                tty4::askfirst:/bin/sh

        If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format
        is as follows:

                <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>

                <id>:

                        WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
                        The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
                        the specified process to run on.  The contents of this field are
                        appended to "/dev/" and used as-is.  There is no need for this field to
                        be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results.  If this
                        field is left blank, the controlling tty is set to the console.  Also
                        note that if BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then only
                        entries whose controlling tty is either the serial console or /dev/null
                        will be run.  BusyBox init does nothing with utmp.  We don't need no
                        stinkin' utmp.

                <runlevels>:

                        The runlevels field is completely ignored.

                <action>:

                        Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
                        once, restart, ctrlaltdel, and shutdown.

                        The available actions can be classified into two groups: actions
                        that are run only once, and actions that are re-run when the specified
                        process exits.

                        Run only-once actions:

                                'sysinit' is the first item run on boot.  init waits until all
                                sysinit actions are completed before continuing.  Following the
                                completion of all sysinit actions, all 'wait' actions are run.
                                'wait' actions, like  'sysinit' actions, cause init to wait until
                                the specified task completes.  'once' actions are asynchronous,
                                therefore, init does not wait for them to complete.  'restart' is
                                the action taken to restart the init process.  By default this should
                                simply run /sbin/init, but can be a script which runs pivot_root or it
                                can do all sorts of other interesting things.  The 'ctrlaltdel' init
                                actions are run when the system detects that someone on the system
                               console has pressed the CTRL-ALT-DEL key combination.  Typically one
                               wants to run 'reboot' at this point to cause the system to reboot.
                                Finally the 'shutdown' action specifies the actions to taken when
                               init is told to reboot.  Unmounting filesystems and disabling swap
                               is a very good here

                        Run repeatedly actions:

                                'respawn' actions are run after the 'once' actions.  When a process
                                started with a 'respawn' action exits, init automatically restarts
                                it.  Unlike sysvinit, BusyBox init does not stop processes from
                                respawning out of control.  The 'askfirst' actions acts just like
                                respawn, except that before running the specified process it
                                displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this console."
                                and then waits for the user to press enter before starting the
                                specified process.

                        Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit an
                        error message, and then go along with its business.  All actions are
                        run in the order they appear in /etc/inittab.

                <process>:

                        Specifies the process to be executed and its command line.

        Example /etc/inittab file:

                # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
                #
                ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
        
                # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
                #
                # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
                ::askfirst:-/bin/sh
                # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2-4
                tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
                tty3::askfirst:-/bin/sh
                tty4::askfirst:-/bin/sh
        
                # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
                #
                tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
                tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
        
                # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
                #
                #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
                #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
                #
                # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
                #::respawn:/sbin/getty 57600 ttyS2
        
                # Stuff to do when restarting the init process
                ::restart:/sbin/init
        
                # Stuff to do before rebooting
                ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
                ::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r
                ::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a

        -------------------------------

    insmod
        insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...

        Loads the specified kernel modules into the kernel.

        Options:

                -f      Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
                -k      Make module autoclean-able.
                -v      verbose output
                -q      quiet output
                -L      Lock to prevent simultaneous loads of a module
                -m      Output load map to stdout
                -o NAME Set internal module name to NAME
                -x      do not export externs

        -------------------------------

    install
        install [-cgmops] [sources] <dest|directory>

        Copies files and set attributes

        Options:

                -c      copy the file, default
                -d      create directories
                -g      set group ownership
                -m      set permission modes
                -o      set ownership
                -p      preserve date
                -s      strip symbol tables

        -------------------------------

    ip  ip [ OPTIONS ] { address | link | route | tunnel } { COMMAND | help
        }

        ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help } where OBJECT := { link |
        addr | route | tunnel } OPTIONS := { -f[amily] { inet | inet6 | link
        } | -o[neline] }

        -------------------------------

    ipaddr
        ipaddr { {add|del} IFADDR dev STRING | {show|flush} [ dev STRING ] [
        to PREFIX ] }

        ipaddr {add|del} IFADDR dev STRING ipaddr {show|flush} [ dev STRING
        ] [ scope SCOPE-ID ]

                                [ to PREFIX ] [ label PATTERN ]
                                IFADDR := PREFIX | ADDR peer PREFIX
                                [ broadcast ADDR ] [ anycast ADDR ]
                                [ label STRING ] [ scope SCOPE-ID ]
                                SCOPE-ID := [ host | link | global | NUMBER ]

        -------------------------------

    ipcalc
        ipcalc [OPTION]... <ADDRESS>[[/]<NETMASK>] [NETMASK]

        Calculate IP network settings from a IP address

        Options:

                -b      --broadcast     Display calculated broadcast address.
                -n      --network       Display calculated network address.
                -m      --netmask       Display default netmask for IP. X
                -p      --prefix        Display the prefix for IP/NETMASK.      -h      --hostname      Display first resolved host name.
                -s      --silent        Don't ever display error messages.

        -------------------------------

    iplink
        iplink

        iplink set DEVICE { up | down | arp { on | off } |

                                dynamic { on | off } |
                                mtu MTU }
                iplink show [ DEVICE ]

        -------------------------------

    iproute
        iproute { list | flush | { add | del | change | append | replace |
        monitor } ROUTE }

        iproute { list | flush } SELECTOR iproute get ADDRESS [ from ADDRESS
        iif STRING ]

                                [ oif STRING ]  [ tos TOS ]
                iproute { add | del | change | append | replace | monitor } ROUTE
                                SELECTOR := [ root PREFIX ] [ match PREFIX ] [ proto RTPROTO ]
                                ROUTE := [ TYPE ] PREFIX [ tos TOS ] [ proto RTPROTO ]

        -------------------------------

    iptunnel
        iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [ NAME ] [ mode { ipip | gre
        | sit } ] [ remote ADDR ] [ local ADDR ] [ ttl TTL ]

        iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [ NAME ]

                                [ mode { ipip | gre | sit } ] [ remote ADDR ] [ local ADDR ]
                                [ [i|o]seq ] [ [i|o]key KEY ] [ [i|o]csum ]
                                [ ttl TTL ] [ tos TOS ] [ [no]pmtudisc ] [ dev PHYS_DEV ]

        -------------------------------

    kill
        kill [-signal] process-id [process-id ...]

        Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified process(es).

        Options:

                -l      List all signal names and numbers.

        Example:

                $ ps | grep apache
                252 root     root     S [apache]
                263 www-data www-data S [apache]
                264 www-data www-data S [apache]
                265 www-data www-data S [apache]
                266 www-data www-data S [apache]
                267 www-data www-data S [apache]
                $ kill 252

        -------------------------------

    killall
        killall [-q] [-signal] process-name [process-name ...]

        Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified process(es).

        Options:

                -l      List all signal names and numbers.
                -q      Do not complain if no processes were killed.

        Example:

                $ killall apache

        -------------------------------

    klogd
        klogd [-c n] [-n]

        Kernel logger. Options:

                -c n    Sets the default log level of console messages to n.
                -n      Run as a foreground process.

        -------------------------------

    lash
        lash [FILE]... or: sh -c command [args]...

        The BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)

        This command does not yet have proper documentation.

        Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles
        pipes, redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts,
        and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does
        not (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like
        "if-then-else", "while", and such use ash or bash. If you just need
        a very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job.

        -------------------------------

    last
        last

        Shows listing of the last users that logged into the system

        -------------------------------

    length
        length STRING

        Prints out the length of the specified STRING.

        Example:

                $ length Hello
                5

        -------------------------------

    ln  ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY

        Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET

        You may use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are
        non-options.

        Options:

                -s      make symbolic links instead of hard links
                -f      remove existing destination files
                -n      no dereference symlinks - treat like normal file

        Example:

                $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
                $ ls -l /tmp/ls
                lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*

        -------------------------------

    loadfont
        loadfont < font

        Loads a console font from standard input.

        Example:

                $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname

        -------------------------------

    loadkmap
        loadkmap < keymap

        Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input.

        Example:

                $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap

        -------------------------------

    logger
        logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]

        Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is omitted, log stdin.

        Options:

                -s      Log to stderr as well as the system log.
                -t TAG  Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name).
                -p PRIORITY     Enter the message with the specified priority.
                        This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair.

        Example:

                $ logger "hello"

        -------------------------------

    login
        login [OPTION]... [username] [ENV=VAR ...]

        Begin a new session on the system

        Options:

                -f      Do not authenticate (user already authenticated)
                -h      Name of the remote host for this login.
                -p      Preserve environment.

        -------------------------------

    logname
        logname

        Print the name of the current user.

        Example:

                $ logname
                root

        -------------------------------

    logread
        logread [OPTION]...

        Shows the messages from syslogd (using circular buffer).

        Options:

                -f              output data as the log grows

        -------------------------------

    losetup
        losetup [OPTION]... LOOPDEVICE FILE or: losetup [OPTION]... -d
        LOOPDEVICE

        Associate LOOPDEVICE with FILE.

        Options:

                -d              Disassociate LOOPDEVICE.
                -o OFFSET       Start OFFSET bytes into FILE.

        -------------------------------

    ls  ls [-1AacCdeFilnpLRrSsTtuvwxXhkK] [filenames...]

        List directory contents

        Options:

                -1      list files in a single column
                -A      do not list implied . and ..
                -a      do not hide entries starting with .
                -C      list entries by columns
                -c      with -l: show ctime
                -d      list directory entries instead of contents
                -e      list both full date and full time
                -F      append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
                -i      list the i-node for each file
                -l      use a long listing format
                -n      list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
                -p      append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
                -L      list entries pointed to by symbolic links
                -R      list subdirectories recursively
                -r      sort the listing in reverse order
                -S      sort the listing by file size
                -s      list the size of each file, in blocks
                -T NUM  assume Tabstop every NUM columns
                -t      with -l: show modification time
                -u      with -l: show access time
                -v      sort the listing by version
                -w NUM  assume the terminal is NUM columns wide
                -x      list entries by lines instead of by columns
                -X      sort the listing by extension
                -h      print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G )
                -k      print security context
                -K      print security context in long format

        -------------------------------

    lsmod
        lsmod

        List the currently loaded kernel modules.

        -------------------------------

    makedevs
        makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]

        Creates a range of block or character special files

        TYPEs include:

                b:      Make a block (buffered) device.
                c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
                p:      Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.

        FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first
        device. LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be
        created. If 's' is the last argument, the base device is created as
        well.

        For example:

                makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63   ->  ttyS2-ttyS63
                makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s    ->  hda,hda1-hda8

        Example:

                # makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
                [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
                # makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
                [creates hda,hda1-hda8]

        -------------------------------

    md5sum
        md5sum [OPTION] [FILEs...] or: md5sum [OPTION] -c [FILE]

        Print or check MD5 checksums.

        Options: With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

                -c      check MD5 sums against given list

        The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:

                -s      don't output anything, status code shows success
                -w      warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines

        Example:

                $ md5sum < busybox
                6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003
                $ md5sum busybox
                6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
                $ md5sum -c -
                6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
                busybox: OK
                ^D

        -------------------------------

    mesg
        mesg [y|n]

        mesg controls write access to your terminal

                y       Allow write access to your terminal.
                n       Disallow write access to your terminal.

        -------------------------------

    mkdir
        mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...

        Create the DIRECTORY(ies) if they do not already exist

        Options:

                -m      set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
                -p      no error if existing, make parent directories as needed

        Example:

                $ mkdir /tmp/foo
                $ mkdir /tmp/foo
                /tmp/foo: File exists
                $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
                /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
                $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz

        -------------------------------

    mkfifo
        mkfifo [OPTIONS] name

        Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')

        Options:

                -m      create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)

        -------------------------------

    mkfs.minix
        mkfs.minix [-c | -l filename] [-nXX] [-iXX] /dev/name [blocks]

        Make a MINIX filesystem.

        Options:

                -c              Check the device for bad blocks
                -n [14|30]      Specify the maximum length of filenames
                -i INODES       Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
                -l FILENAME     Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
                -v              Make a Minix version 2 filesystem

        -------------------------------

    mknod
        mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR

        Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).

        Options:

                -m      create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)

        TYPEs include:

                b:      Make a block (buffered) device.
                c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
                p:      Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.

        Example:

                $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
                $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p

        -------------------------------

    mkswap
        mkswap [-c] [-v0|-v1] device [block-count]

        Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.

        Options:

                -c              Check for read-ability.
                -v0             Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
                -v1             Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels >
                                2.1.117).
                block-count     Number of block to use (default is entire partition).

        -------------------------------

    mktemp
        mktemp [-dq] TEMPLATE

        Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE. TEMPLATE
        is any name with six `Xs' (i.e., /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).

        Options:

                -d              Make a directory instead of a file
                -q              Fail silently if an error occurs

        Example:

                $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
                /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
                $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
                -rw-------    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM

        -------------------------------

    modprobe
        modprobe [-knqrsv] [MODULE ...]

        Used for high level module loading and unloading.

        Options:

                -k      Make module autoclean-able.
                -n      Just show what would be done.
                -q      Quiet output.
                -r      Remove module (stacks) or do autoclean.
                -s      Report via syslog instead of stderr.
                -v      Verbose output.

        Example:

                $ modprobe cdrom

        -------------------------------

    more
        more [FILE ...]

        More is a filter for viewing FILE one screenful at a time.

        Example:

                $ dmesg | more

        -------------------------------

    mount
        mount [flags] DEVICE NODE [-o options,more-options]

        Mount a filesystem. Autodetection of filesystem type requires the
        /proc filesystem be already mounted.

        Flags:

                -a:             Mount all filesystems in fstab.
                -f:             "Fake" Add entry to mount table but don't mount it.
                -n:             Don't write a mount table entry.
                -o option:      One of many filesystem options, listed below.
                -r:             Mount the filesystem read-only.
                -t fs-type:     Specify the filesystem type.
                -w:             Mount for reading and writing (default).

        Options for use with the "-o" flag:

                async/sync:     Writes are asynchronous / synchronous.
                atime/noatime:  Enable / disable updates to inode access times.
                dev/nodev:      Allow use of special device files / disallow them.
                exec/noexec:    Allow use of executable files / disallow them.
                loop:           Mounts a file via loop device.
                suid/nosuid:    Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them.
                remount:        Re-mount a mounted filesystem, changing its flags.
                ro/rw:          Mount for read-only / read-write.
                bind:           Use the linux 2.4.x "bind" feature.

        There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem.
        You'll have to see the written documentation for those filesystems.

        Example:

                $ mount
                /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
                proc on /proc type proc (rw)
                devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
                $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
                $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop

        -------------------------------

    mt  mt [-f device] opcode value

        Control magnetic tape drive operation

        Available Opcodes:

        bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase fsf fsfm
        fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2 ras3 reset retension
        rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity setpart tell unload unlock
        weof wset

        -------------------------------

    mv  mv [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST or: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY

        Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

        Options:

                -f      don't prompt before overwriting
                -i      interactive, prompt before overwrite

        Example:

                $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar

        -------------------------------

    nameif
        nameif [-s] [-c FILE] [{IFNAME MACADDR}]

        Nameif renaming network interface while it in the down state.

        Options:

                -c FILE         Use configuration file (default is /etc/mactab)
                -s              Use syslog (LOCAL0 facility).
                IFNAME MACADDR  new_interface_name interface_mac_address

        Example:

                $ nameif -s dmz0 00:A0:C9:8C:F6:3F
                 or
                $ nameif -c /etc/my_mactab_file

        -------------------------------

    nc  nc [OPTIONS] [IP] [port]

        Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port

        Options:

                -l              listen mode, for inbound connects
                -p PORT         local port number
                -i SECS         delay interval for lines sent
                -e PROG         program to exec after connect (dangerous!)

        Example:

                $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
                220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
                help
                214-Commands supported:
                214-    HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
                214     NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
                quit
                221 foobar closing connection

        -------------------------------

    netstat
        netstat [-laenrtuwx]

        Netstat displays Linux networking information.

        Options:

                -l display listening server sockets
                -a display all sockets (default: connected)
                -e display other/more information
                -n don't resolve names
                -r display routing table
                -t tcp sockets
                -u udp sockets
                -w raw sockets
                -x unix sockets

        -------------------------------

    nslookup
        nslookup [HOST] [SERVER]

        Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
        optionally using a specified DNS server

        Example:

                $ nslookup localhost
                Server:     default
                Address:    default
        
                Name:       debian
                Address:    127.0.0.1

        -------------------------------

    od  od [-aBbcDdeFfHhIiLlOovXx] [FILE]

        Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE
        to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard
        input.

        -------------------------------

    openvt
        openvt <vtnum> <COMMAND> [ARGS...]

        Start a command on a new virtual terminal

        Example:

                openvt 2 /bin/ash

        -------------------------------

    passwd
        passwd [OPTION] [name]

        Change a user password. If no name is specified, changes the
        password for the current user. Options:

                -a      Define which algorithm shall be used for the password.
                                (Choices: des, md5      PASSWORD_ALG_TYPES(", sha1") )
                -d      Delete the password for the specified user account.
                -l      Locks (disables) the specified user account.
                -u      Unlocks (re-enables) the specified user account.

        -------------------------------

    patch
        patch [-p<num>]

        [-p<num>]

        Example:

                $ patch -p1 <example.diff

        -------------------------------

    pidof
        pidof process-name [OPTION] [process-name ...]

        Lists the PIDs of all processes with names that match the names on
        the command line. Options:

                -s              display only a single PID.

        Example:

                $ pidof init
                1

        -------------------------------

    ping
        ping [OPTION]... host

        Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.

        Options:

                -c COUNT        Send only COUNT pings.
                -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56).
                -q              Quiet mode, only displays output at start
                                and when finished.

        Example:

                $ ping localhost
                PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
                64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
        
                --- debian ping statistics ---
                1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
                round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms

        -------------------------------

    ping6
        ping6 [OPTION]... host

        Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.

        Options:

                -c COUNT        Send only COUNT pings.
                -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56).
                -q              Quiet mode, only displays output at start
                                and when finished.

        Example:

                $ ping6 ip6-localhost
                PING ip6-localhost (::1): 56 data bytes
                64 bytes from ::1: icmp6_seq=0 ttl=64 time=20.1 ms
        
                --- ip6-localhost ping statistics ---
                1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
                round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms

        -------------------------------

    pivot_root
        pivot_root NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD

        Move the current root file system to PUT_OLD and make NEW_ROOT the
        new root file system.

        -------------------------------

    poweroff
        poweroff [-d<delay>]

        Halt the system and request that the kernel shut off the power.
        Options:

                -d              delay interval for shutting off.

        -------------------------------

    printf
        printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT...]

        Formats and prints ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, Where FORMAT
        controls the output exactly as in C printf.

        Example:

                $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
                Val=5

        -------------------------------

    ps  ps

        Report process status

                This version of ps accepts no options.
        Options:

                -c      show SE Linux context

        Example:

                $ ps
                  PID  Uid      Gid State Command
                    1 root     root     S init
                    2 root     root     S [kflushd]
                    3 root     root     S [kupdate]
                    4 root     root     S [kpiod]
                    5 root     root     S [kswapd]
                  742 andersen andersen S [bash]
                  743 andersen andersen S -bash
                  745 root     root     S [getty]
                 2990 andersen andersen R ps

        -------------------------------

    pwd pwd

        Print the full filename of the current working directory.

        Example:

                $ pwd
                /root

        -------------------------------

    rdate
        rdate [-sp] HOST

        Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST.

        Options:

                -s      Set the system date and time (default).
                -p      Print the date and time.

        -------------------------------

    readlink
        readlink

        Displays the value of a symbolic link.

        -------------------------------

    realpath
        realpath pathname ...

        Returns the absolute pathnames of given argument.

        -------------------------------

    reboot
        reboot [-d<delay>]

        Reboot the system. Options:

                -d              delay interval for rebooting.

        -------------------------------

    renice
        renice priority pid [pid ...]

        Changes priority of running processes. Allowed priorities range from
        20 (the process runs only when nothing else is running) to 0
        (default priority) to -20 (almost nothing else ever gets to run).

        -------------------------------

    reset
        reset

        Resets the screen.

        -------------------------------

    rm  rm [OPTION]... FILE...

        Remove (unlink) the FILE(s). You may use '--' to indicate that all
        following arguments are non-options.

        Options:

                -i              always prompt before removing each destination
                -f              remove existing destinations, never prompt
                -r or -R        remove the contents of directories recursively

        Example:

                $ rm -rf /tmp/foo

        -------------------------------

    rmdir
        rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...

        Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty.

        Example:

                # rmdir /tmp/foo

        -------------------------------

    rmmod
        rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...

        Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel.

        Options:

                -a      Remove all unused modules (recursively)

        Example:

                $ rmmod tulip

        -------------------------------

    route
        route [{add|del|delete}]

        Edit the kernel's routing tables.

        Options:

                -n              Dont resolve names.
                -e              Display other/more information.
                -A inet{6}      Select address family.

        -------------------------------

    rpm rpm -i -q[ildc]p package.rpm

        Manipulates RPM packages

        Options:

                -i Install package
                -q Query package
                -p Query uninstalled package
                -i Show information
                -l List contents
                -d List documents
                -c List config files

        -------------------------------

    rpm2cpio
        rpm2cpio package.rpm

        Outputs a cpio archive of the rpm file.

        -------------------------------

    run-parts
        run-parts [-t] [-a ARG] [-u MASK] DIRECTORY

        Run a bunch of scripts in a directory.

        Options:

                -t      Prints what would be run, but does not actually run anything.
                -a ARG  Pass ARG as an argument for every program invoked.
                -u MASK Set the umask to MASK before executing every program.

        -------------------------------

    rx  rx FILE

        Receive a file using the xmodem protocol.

        Example:

                $ rx /tmp/foo

        -------------------------------

    sed sed [-efinr] pattern [files...]

        Options:

                -e script       add the script to the commands to be executed
                -f scriptfile   add script-file contents to the
                                commands to be executed
                -i              edit files in-place
                -n              suppress automatic printing of pattern space
                -r              use extended regular expression syntax

        If no -e or -f is given, the first non-option argument is taken as
        the sed script to interpret. All remaining arguments are names of
        input files; if no input files are specified, then the standard
        input is read. Source files will not be modified unless -i option is
        given.

        Example:

                $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
                bar

        -------------------------------

    seq seq [first [increment]] last

        Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. FIRST,
        INCREMENT default to 1 Arguments:

                LAST
                FIRST   LAST
                FIRST   INCREMENT       LAST

        -------------------------------

    setkeycodes
        setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...

        Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing
        unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.

        SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is
        given in decimal

        Example:

                $ setkeycodes e030 127

        -------------------------------

    sha1sum
        sha1sum [OPTION] [FILEs...] or: sha1sum [OPTION] -c [FILE]

        Print or check SHA1 checksums.

        Options: With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

                -c      check SHA1 sums against given list

        The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:

                -s      don't output anything, status code shows success
                -w      warn about improperly formated SHA1 checksum lines

        -------------------------------

    sleep
        sleep [N]...

                         Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can
                        have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays.

        Example:

                $ sleep 2
                [2 second delay results]
                $ sleep 1d 3h 22m 8s
                [98528 second delay results]

        -------------------------------

    sort
        sort [-nru] [FILE]...

        Sorts lines of text in the specified files

        Options:

                -u      suppress duplicate lines
                -r      sort in reverse order
                -n      sort numerics

        Example:

                $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
                a
                b
                c
                d
                e
                f

        -------------------------------

    start-stop-daemon
        start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [--start|--stop] ... [-- arguments...]

        Program to start and stop services.

        Options:

                -S|--start                      start
                -K|--stop                       stop
                -a|--startas <pathname>         starts process specified by pathname
                -b|--background                 force process into background
                -u|--user <username>|<uid>      stop this user's processes
                -x|--exec <executable>          program to either start or check
                -m|--make-pidfile <filename>    create the -p file and enter pid in it
                -n|--name <process-name>        stop processes with this name
                -p|--pidfile <pid-file>         save or load pid using a pid-file
                -q|--quiet                      be quiet
                -s|--signal <signal>            signal to send (default TERM)

        -------------------------------

    strings
        strings [-afo] [-n length] [file ... ]

        Display printable strings in a binary file.

        Options:

                -a      Scan the whole files (this is the default).
                -f      Precede each string with the name of the file where it was found.
                -n N    Specifies that at least N characters forms a sequence (default 4)
                -o      Each string is preceded by its decimal offset in the file.

        -------------------------------

    stty
        stty [-a|g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]...

        Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations
        from stty sane.

        Options:

                -F DEVICE       open device instead of stdin
                -a              print all current settings in human-readable form
                -g              print in stty-readable form
                [SETTING]       see manpage

        -------------------------------

    su  su [OPTION]... [-] [username]

        Change user id or become root. Options:

                -p      Preserve environment

        -------------------------------

    sulogin
        sulogin [OPTION]... [tty-device]

        Single user login Options:

                -f      Do not authenticate (user already authenticated)
                -h      Name of the remote host for this login.
                -p      Preserve environment.

        -------------------------------

    swapoff
        swapoff [OPTION] [DEVICE]

        Stop swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.

        Options:

                -a      Stop swapping on all swap devices

        -------------------------------

    swapon
        swapon [OPTION] [DEVICE]

        Start swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.

        Options:

                -a      Start swapping on all swap devices

        -------------------------------

    sync
        sync

        Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.

        -------------------------------

    sysctl
        sysctl [OPTIONS]... [VALUE]...

        sysctl - configure kernel parameters at runtime

        Options:

                -n      Use this option to disable printing of the key name when printing values.
                -w      Use this option when you want to change a sysctl setting.
                -p      Load in sysctl settings from the file specified or /etc/sysctl.conf if none given.
                -a      Display all values currently available.
                -A      Display all values currently available in table form.

        Example:

                sysctl [-n] variable ...
                sysctl [-n] -w variable=value ...
                sysctl [-n] -a
                sysctl [-n] -p <file>   (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
                sysctl [-n] -A

        -------------------------------

    syslogd
        syslogd [OPTION]...

        Linux system and kernel logging utility. Note that this version of
        syslogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.

        Options:

                -m MIN          Minutes between MARK lines (default=20, 0=off)
                -n              Run as a foreground process
                -O FILE         Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
                -S              Make logging output smaller.
                -s SIZE         Max size (KB) before rotate (default=200KB, 0=off)
                -b NUM          Number of rotated logs to keep (default=1, max=99, 0=purge)
                -R HOST[:PORT]  Log to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP)
                -L              Log locally and via network logging (default is network only)
                -C [size(KiB)]  Log to a circular buffer (read the buffer using logread)

        Example:

                $ syslogd -R masterlog:514
                $ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601

        -------------------------------

    tail
        tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...

        Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than
        one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no
        FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

        Options:

                -c N[kbm]       output the last N bytes
                -n N[kbm]       print last N lines instead of last 10
                -f              output data as the file grows
                -q              never output headers giving file names
                -s SEC          wait SEC seconds between reads with -f
                -v              always output headers giving file names

        If the first character of N (bytes or lines) is a '+', output begins
        with the Nth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the
        last N items in the file. N bytes may be suffixed by k (x1024), b
        (x512), or m (1024^2).

        Example:

                $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
                nameserver 10.0.0.1

        -------------------------------

    tar tar -[czjZxtvO] [-X FILE][-f TARFILE] [-C DIR] [FILE(s)] ...

        Create, extract, or list files from a tar file.

        Options:

                c               create
                x               extract
                t               list

        Archive format selection:

                z               Filter the archive through gzip
                j               Filter the archive through bzip2
                Z               Filter the archive through compress

        File selection:

                f               name of TARFILE or "-" for stdin
                O               extract to stdout
                exclude         file to exclude
                X               file with names to exclude
                C               change to directory DIR before operation
                v               verbosely list files processed

        Example:

                $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
                $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local

        -------------------------------

    tee tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...

        Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.

        Options:

                -a      append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
                -i      ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)

        Example:

                $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
                $ cat /tmp/foo
                Hello

        -------------------------------

    telnet
        telnet HOST [PORT]

        Telnet is used to establish interactive communication with another
        computer over a network using the TELNET protocol.

        -------------------------------

    telnetd
        telnetd [OPTION]

        Telnetd listens for incoming TELNET connections on PORT. Options:

                -p PORT listen for connections on PORT (default 23)
                -l LOGIN        exec LOGIN on connect (default /bin/sh)
                -f issue_file   Display issue_file instead of /etc/issue.

        -------------------------------

    test
        test EXPRESSION or [ EXPRESSION ]

        Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code
        determined by the value of EXPRESSION.

        Example:

                $ test 1 -eq 2
                $ echo $?
                1
                $ test 1 -eq 1
                $ echo $?
                0
                $ [ -d /etc ]
                $ echo $?
                0
                $ [ -d /junk ]
                $ echo $?
                1

        -------------------------------

    tftp
        tftp [OPTION]... HOST [PORT]

        Transfers a file from/to a tftp server using "octet" mode.

        Options:

                -l FILE Local FILE.
                -r FILE Remote FILE.
                -g      Get file.
                -p      Put file.
                -b SIZE Transfer blocks of SIZE octets.

        -------------------------------

    time
        time [OPTION]... COMMAND [ARGS...]

        Runs the program COMMAND with arguments ARGS. When COMMAND finishes,
        COMMAND's resource usage information is displayed

        Options:

                -v      Displays verbose resource usage information.

        -------------------------------

    top top [-d <seconds>]

        top provides an view of processor activity in real time. This
        utility reads the status for all processes in /proc each <seconds>
        and shows the status for however many processes will fit on the
        screen. This utility will not show processes that are started after
        program startup, but it will show the EXIT status for and PIDs that
        exit while it is running.

        -------------------------------

    touch
        touch [-c] FILE [FILE ...]

        Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s].

        Options:

                -c      Do not create any files

        Example:

                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
                $ touch /tmp/foo
                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo

        -------------------------------

    tr  tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]

        Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input,
        writing to standard output.

        Options:

                -c      take complement of STRING1
                -d      delete input characters coded STRING1
                -s      squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character

        Example:

                $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
                hello world

        -------------------------------

    traceroute
        traceroute [-dnrv] [-m max_ttl] [-p port#] [-q nqueries] [-s
        src_addr] [-t tos] [-w wait] host [data size]

        trace the route ip packets follow going to "host" Options:

                -d      set SO_DEBUG options to socket
                -n      Print hop addresses numerically rather than symbolically
                -r      Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host
                -v      Verbose output
                -m max_ttl      Set the max time-to-live (max number of hops)
                -p port#        Set the base UDP port number used in probes
                        (default is 33434)
                -q nqueries     Set the number of probes per ``ttl'' to nqueries
                        (default is 3)
                -s src_addr     Use the following IP address as the source address
                -t tos  Set the type-of-service in probe packets to the following value
                        (default 0)
                -w wait Set the time (in seconds) to wait for a response to a probe
                        (default 3 sec.).

        -------------------------------

    true
        true

        Return an exit code of TRUE (0).

        Example:

                $ true
                $ echo $?
                0

        -------------------------------

    tty tty

        Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.

        Options:

                -s      print nothing, only return an exit status

        Example:

                $ tty
                /dev/tty2

        -------------------------------

    udhcpc
        udhcpc [-fbnqv] [-c CLIENTID] [-H HOSTNAME] [-i INTERFACE] [-p
        pidfile] [-r IP] [-s script]

                -c,     --clientid=CLIENTID     Client identifier
                -H,     --hostname=HOSTNAME     Client hostname
                -h,                             Alias for -H
                -f,     --foreground    Do not fork after getting lease
                -b,     --background    Fork to background if lease cannot be immediately negotiated.
                -i,     --interface=INTERFACE   Interface to use (default: eth0)
                -n,     --now   Exit with failure if lease cannot be immediately negotiated.
                -p,     --pidfile=file  Store process ID of daemon in file
                -q,     --quit  Quit after obtaining lease
                -r,     --request=IP    IP address to request (default: none)
                -s,     --script=file   Run file at dhcp events (default: /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
                -v,     --version       Display version

        -------------------------------

    udhcpd
        udhcpd [configfile]

        -------------------------------

    umount
        umount [flags] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY

        Unmount file systems

        Flags:

                -a      Unmount all file systems in /etc/mtab
                -n      Don't erase /etc/mtab entries
                -r      Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
                -f      Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
                -l      Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)

        Example:

                $ umount /dev/hdc1 

        -------------------------------

    uname
        uname [OPTION]...

        Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s.

        Options:

                -a      print all information
                -m      the machine (hardware) type
                -n      print the machine's network node hostname
                -r      print the operating system release
                -s      print the operating system name
                -p      print the host processor type
                -v      print the operating system version

        Example:

                $ uname -a
                Linux debian 2.4.23 #2 Tue Dec 23 17:09:10 MST 2003 i686 GNU/Linux

        -------------------------------

    uncompress
        uncompress [-c] [-f] [ name ... ]

        Uncompress .Z file[s] Options:

                -c      extract to stdout
                -f      force overwrite an existing file

        -------------------------------

    uniq
        uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]

        Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or
        standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).

        Options:

                -c      prefix lines by the number of occurrences
                -d      only print duplicate lines
                -u      only print unique lines
                -f N    skip the first N fields
                -s N    skip the first N chars (after any skipped fields)

        Example:

                $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
                a
                b
                c

        -------------------------------

    unix2dos
        unix2dos [option] [FILE]

        Converts FILE from unix format to dos format. When no option is
        given, the input is converted to the opposite output format. When no
        file is given, uses stdin for input and stdout for output. Options:

                -u      output will be in UNIX format
                -d      output will be in DOS format

        -------------------------------

    unzip
        unzip [-opts[modifiers]] file[.zip] [list] [-x xlist] [-d exdir]

        Extracts files from ZIP archives.

        Options:

                -l      list archive contents (short form)
                -n      never overwrite existing files (default)
                -o      overwrite files without prompting
                -p      send output to stdout
                -q      be quiet
                -x      exclude these files
                -d      extract files into this directory

        -------------------------------

    uptime
        uptime

        Display the time since the last boot.

        Example:

                $ uptime
                  1:55pm  up  2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00

        -------------------------------

    usleep
        usleep N

        Pause for N microseconds.

        Example:

                $ usleep 1000000
                [pauses for 1 second]

        -------------------------------

    uudecode
        uudecode [FILE]...

        Uudecode a file that is uuencoded.

        Options:

                -o FILE direct output to FILE

        Example:

                $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
                $ ls -l busybox
                -rwxr-xr-x   1 ams      ams        245264 Jun  7 21:35 busybox

        -------------------------------

    uuencode
        uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] REMOTEFILE

        Uuencode a file.

        Options:

                -m      use base64 encoding per RFC1521

        Example:

                $ uuencode busybox busybox
                begin 755 busybox
                <encoded file snipped>
                $ uudecode busybox busybox > busybox.uu
                $

        -------------------------------

    vconfig
        vconfig COMMAND [OPTIONS] ...

        vconfig lets you create and remove virtual ethernet devices.

        Options:

                add             [interface-name] [vlan_id]
                rem             [vlan-name]
                set_flag        [interface-name] [flag-num]       [0 | 1]
                set_egress_map  [vlan-name]      [skb_priority]   [vlan_qos]
                set_ingress_map [vlan-name]      [skb_priority]   [vlan_qos]
                set_name_type   [name-type]

        -------------------------------

    vi  vi [OPTION] [FILE]...

        edit FILE.

        Options:

                -R      Read-only- do not write to the file.

        -------------------------------

    vlock
        vlock [OPTIONS]

        Lock a virtual terminal. A password is required to unlock Options:

                -a      Lock all VTs

        -------------------------------

    watch
        watch [-n <seconds>] COMMAND...

        Executes a program periodically. Options:

                -n      Loop period in seconds - default is 2.

        Example:

                $ watch date
                Mon Dec 17 10:31:40 GMT 2000
                Mon Dec 17 10:31:42 GMT 2000
                Mon Dec 17 10:31:44 GMT 2000

        -------------------------------

    watchdog
        watchdog [-t <seconds>] DEV

        Periodically write to watchdog device DEV. Options:

                -t      Timer period in seconds - default is 30.

        -------------------------------

    wc  wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...

        Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if
        more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input.

        Options:

                -c      print the byte counts
                -l      print the newline counts
                -L      print the length of the longest line
                -w      print the word counts

        Example:

                $ wc /etc/passwd
                     31      46    1365 /etc/passwd

        -------------------------------

    wget
        wget [-c|--continue] [-q|--quiet] [-O|--output-document file]
        [--header 'header: value'] [-Y|--proxy on/off] [-P DIR] url

        wget retrieves files via HTTP or FTP

        Options:

                -c      continue retrieval of aborted transfers
                -q      quiet mode - do not print
                -P      Set directory prefix to DIR
                -O      save to filename ('-' for stdout)
                -Y      use proxy ('on' or 'off')

        -------------------------------

    which
        which [COMMAND ...]

        Locates a COMMAND.

        Example:

                $ which login
                /bin/login

        -------------------------------

    who who

        Prints the current user names and related information

        -------------------------------

    whoami
        whoami

        Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id.

        -------------------------------

    xargs
        xargs [COMMAND] [OPTIONS] [ARGS...]

        Executes COMMAND on every item given by standard input.

        Options:

                -p      Prompt the user about whether to run each command
                -r      Do not run command for empty readed lines
                -x      Exit if the size is exceeded
                -0      Input filenames are terminated by a null character
                -t      Print the command line on stderr before executing it.

        Example:

                $ ls | xargs gzip
                $ find . -name '*.c' -print | xargs rm

        -------------------------------

    yes yes [OPTION]... [STRING]...

        Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified STRING(s), or 'y'.

        -------------------------------

    zcat
        zcat FILE

        Uncompress to stdout.

        -------------------------------

LIBC NSS
    GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
    behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure
    how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information. This
    is implemented using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using
    one or more of the /lib/libnss_* libraries. BusyBox tries to avoid using
    any libc calls that make use of NSS. Some applets however, such as login
    and su, will use libc functions that require NSS.

    If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions
    to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files
    without using NSS. This may allow you to run your system without the
    need for installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries.

    When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly
    require that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in
    particular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*,
    and /lib/libresolv*).

    Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as
    uClibc. In addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc
    does not require the use of any NSS support files or libraries.

MAINTAINER
    Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>

AUTHORS
    The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know
    it or not. If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should
    probably be listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory. If
    you should be listed here, or the description of what you have done
    needs more detail, or is incorect, please send in an update.

    Emanuele Aina <emanuele.aina@tiscali.it> run-parts

    Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>

        Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
        core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
        Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
        nobody is going to actually read.

    Laurence Anderson <l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk>

        rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm

    Jeff Angielski <jeff@theptrgroup.com>

        ftpput, ftpget

    Edward Betts <edward@debian.org>

        expr, hostid, logname, whoami

    John Beppu <beppu@codepoet.org>

        du, nslookup, sort

    Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>

        tiny-ls(ls)

    Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>

        fbset, ping, hostname

    Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>

        more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
        various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance

    Jordan Crouse <jordan@cosmicpenguin.net>

            ipcalc

    Magnus Damm <damm@opensource.se>

        tftp client insmod powerpc support

    Larry Doolittle <ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov>

        pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.

    Glenn Engel <glenne@engel.org>

        httpd

    Gennady Feldman <gfeldman@gena01.com>

        Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
        logread), various fixes.

    Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>

        cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c.

    Daniel Jacobowitz <dan@debian.org>

        mktemp.c

    Matt Kraai <kraai@alumni.cmu.edu>

        documentation, bugfixes, test suite

    Stephan Linz <linz@li-pro.net>

            ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence

    John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>

        tr

    Glenn McGrath <bug1@iinet.net.au>

        Common unarchving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
        nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
        Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.

    Manuel Novoa III <mjn3@codepoet.org>

        cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
        mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
        get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines

        also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
        ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
        mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
        interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route

    Vladimir Oleynik <dzo@simtreas.ru>

        cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
        ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
        locale, various fixes
        and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.

    Bruce Perens <bruce@pixar.com>

        Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
        still be found hiding here and there...

    Tim Riker <Tim@Rikers.org>

        bug fixes, member of fan club

    Kent Robotti <robotti@metconnect.com>

        reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.

    Chip Rosenthal <chip@unicom.com>, <crosenth@covad.com>

        wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications

    Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>

        Lots of bugs fixes and patches.

    Gyepi Sam <gyepi@praxis-sw.com>

        Remote logging feature for syslogd

    Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>

        mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix

    Mark Whitley <markw@codepoet.org>

        grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
        style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.

    Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>

        gzip, mini-netcat(nc)

    Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>

        tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance

    Tito Ragusa <farmatito@tiscali.it>

            devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.

