using System.Threading;
using System.Text;
using System.Collections;
using System.IO;
using System;

/// \mainpage
/// \section Overview
/// The .NET Visual C# library for the Make Controller Kit is designed 
/// to make it as simple as possible for developers to integrate the 
/// Make Controller Kit into their desktop applications, offering the 
/// transparency that makes open source software so rewarding to work with.  
/// You can communicate with the Make Controller Kit from your applications 
/// over either an Ethernet or USB connection, or both.  This library is 
/// supplied both in source form and built, as MakeControllerOsc.dll
/// This document is a reference for MakeControllerOsc.
/// 
/// \section Communication
/// Messages to and from the board conform to the OSC (Open Sound Control) protocol.  
/// OSC is an open, transport-independent standard supported by an increasing 
/// number of environments and devices. 
/// 
/// \subsection OSCmessages OSC Messages
/// OSC messages are represented by the class OscMessage, and consist of two elements:
/// - An address string for the device on the board you’re dealing with.
/// - A list of value(s) being sent to or from that device. The list of values is optional.
/// 
/// From the perspective of OSC addresses, the Make Controller Kit is organized into a hierarchy of two or three layers:
/// - subsystems – classes of device, such as analog inputs, servo controllers, and digital outputs.
/// - devices – the index of a specific device within a subsystem.  
/// If there is only one device in a subsystem, the device is not included in the OSC address.
/// - properties – different devices have different properties, such as the value of an analog input, 
/// the position of a servo motor, or the state of an LED. 
/// 
/// OSC messages always begin with a slash, and use a slash to delimit each element in the address, 
/// so an example OSC address string would look like:
/// \code /subsystem/device/property \endcode
/// 
/// The second part of an OscMessage is a list of values to be sent to the specified address. 
/// The OSC types that are used by the Make Controller Kit for these values are integers, 
/// floats, and strings.  The values in this list are simply separated by spaces, and the 
/// list can be arbitrarily long.  Most devices on the Make Controller Kit expect only one value.  
/// For example, to set the position of servo 1, you might send a message which 
/// in string form might look like:
/// \code /servo/1/position 512 \endcode
/// 
/// This addressing scheme allows interactions with the board's various subsystems 
/// and properties, and most importantly, accommodates the possibility of future or 
/// custom devices on the board that have not yet been implemented or imagined.  
/// If somebody creates, for example, a GPS extension to the board, communicating 
/// with that device from this library is the same as for any other.  More details 
/// about OSC can be found at http://www.opensoundcontrol.org.
/// 
/// \section sendingdata Sending Data
/// As previously mentioned, the Make Controller Kit can communicate over both 
/// Ethernet and USB.  Messages are sent as packets, both over USB and UDP, and 
/// corresponding structures are used – UsbPacket and UdpPacket.  Once you’ve created 
/// a packet, you can simply call its Send() method, with the OscMessage you’d like to send.  
/// There are helper methods to create an OscMessage from a string, or you can pass in the OscMessage itself. 
/// 
/// For example, you might set up your UsbSend() routine to look something like:
/// \code public void usbSend(string text)
/// {
///     OscMessage oscM = Osc.StringToOscMessage(text);
///     oscUsb is an Osc object, connected to a UsbPacket object 
///     oscUsb.Send(oscM);
/// } \endcode
/// If your data is already in the form of an OscMessage, you can call oscUsb.Send() directly.
/// 
/// \section readingdata Reading Data
/// The Make Controller Kit must be polled in order to read data from it.  To do this, 
/// send an OscMessage with the address of the device you’d like to read, but omit 
/// the list of values.  When the board receives an OscMessage with no value, 
/// it interprets that as a read request, and sends back an OscMessage with the 
/// current value at the appropriate address.
/// 
/// The .NET Make Controller Kit library conveniently provides handlers that will 
/// call back a given function when an OscMessage with a given address string is received.  
/// Your implementation could look something like:
/// \code// Set the handler in the constructor for a particular address
/// MyConstructor()
/// {
///     udpPacket = new UdpPacket();
///     oscUdp = new Osc(udpPacket);
///     // A thread is started when the Osc object is created to read 
///     // incoming messages.
///     oscUdp.SetAddressHandler("/analogin/0/value", Ain0Message);
/// }
///
/// // The method you specified as the handler will be called back when a 
/// // message with a matching address string comes back from the board.
/// public void AIn0Message(OscMessage oscMessage)
/// {
///     // write the message to a console, for example
///     mct.WriteLine("AIn0 > " + Osc.OscMessageToString(oscMessage));
/// } \endcode
/// You could alternatively set a handler for all incoming messages by calling 
/// the SetAllMessageHandler() method in your setup, instead of SetAddressHandler().
/// 
/// 


namespace MakingThings
{
  /// <summary>
  /// The OscMessage class is a data structure that represents
  /// an OSC address and an arbitrary number of values to be sent to that address.
  /// </summary>
  public class OscMessage
  {
    public OscMessage()
    {
      Values = new ArrayList();
    }
      
   /// <summary>
   /// The OSC address of the message as a string.
   /// </summary>
   public string Address;
   /// <summary>
   /// The list of values to be delivered to the Address.
   /// </summary>
   public ArrayList Values;
  }

  public delegate void OscMessageHandler( OscMessage oscM );

  /// <summary>
  /// The Osc class provides the methods required to send, receive, and manipulate OSC messages.
  /// Several of the helper methods are static since a running Osc instance is not required for 
  /// their use.
  /// 
  /// When instanciated, the Osc class opens the PacketIO instance that's handed to it and 
  /// begins to run a reader thread.  The instance is then ready to service Send OscMessage requests 
  /// and to start supplying OscMessages as received back.
  /// 
  /// The Osc class can be called to Send either individual messages or collections of messages
  /// in an Osc Bundle.  Receiving is done by delegate.  There are two ways: either submit a method
  /// to receive all incoming messages or submit a method to handle only one particular address.
  /// 
  /// Messages can be encoded and decoded from Strings via the static methods on this class, or
  /// can be hand assembled / disassembled since they're just a string (the address) and a list 
  /// of other parameters in Object form. 
  /// 
  /// </summary>
  public class Osc
  {
    /// <summary>
    /// Osc Constructor.  Starts the Reader thread and initializes some internal state.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="oscPacketIO">The PacketIO instance used for packet IO.</param>
    public Osc(PacketIO oscPacketIO)
    {
      // Save the PacketExchage pointer
      OscPacketIO = oscPacketIO;

      // Create the hashtable for the address lookup mechanism
      AddressTable = new Hashtable();

      ReadThread = new Thread(Read);
      ReaderRunning = true;
      ReadThread.IsBackground = true;
      ReadThread.Start();
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Make sure the PacketExchange is closed.
    /// </summary>
    ~Osc()
    {
      if (OscPacketIO.IsOpen())
        OscPacketIO.Close();
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Read Thread.  Loops waiting for packets.  When a packet is received, it is 
    /// dispatched to any waiting All Message Handler.  Also, the address is looked up and
    /// any matching handler is called.
    /// </summary>
    private void Read()
    {
      while (ReaderRunning)
      {
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1000];
        int length = OscPacketIO.ReceivePacket(buffer);
        if (length > 0)
        {
          ArrayList messages = Osc.PacketToOscMessages(buffer, length);
          foreach (OscMessage om in messages)
          {
            if (AllMessageHandler != null)
              AllMessageHandler(om);
            OscMessageHandler h = (OscMessageHandler)Hashtable.Synchronized(AddressTable)[om.Address];
            if (h != null)
              h(om);
          }
        }
        else
          Thread.Sleep(500);
      }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Send an individual OSC message.  Internally takes the OscMessage object and 
    /// serializes it into a byte[] suitable for sending to the PacketIO.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="oscMessage">The OSC Message to send.</param>   
    public void Send( OscMessage oscMessage )
    {
      byte[] packet = new byte[1000];
      int length = Osc.OscMessageToPacket( oscMessage, packet, 1000 );
      OscPacketIO.SendPacket( packet, length);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Sends a list of OSC Messages.  Internally takes the OscMessage objects and 
    /// serializes them into a byte[] suitable for sending to the PacketExchange.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="oms">The OSC Message to send.</param>   
    public void Send(ArrayList oms)
    {
      byte[] packet = new byte[1000];
      int length = Osc.OscMessagesToPacket(oms, packet, 1000);
      OscPacketIO.SendPacket(packet, length);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Set the method to call back on when any message is received.
    /// The method needs to have the OscMessageHandler signature - i.e. void amh( OscMessage oscM )
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="amh">The method to call back on.</param>   
    public void SetAllMessageHandler(OscMessageHandler amh)
    {
      AllMessageHandler = amh;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Set the method to call back on when a message with the specified
    /// address is received.  The method needs to have the OscMessageHandler signature - i.e. 
    /// void amh( OscMessage oscM )
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="key">Address string to be matched</param>   
    /// <param name="ah">The method to call back on.</param>   
    public void SetAddressHandler(string key, OscMessageHandler ah)
    {
      Hashtable.Synchronized(AddressTable).Add(key, ah);
    }

    private PacketIO OscPacketIO;
    Thread ReadThread;
    private bool ReaderRunning; 
    private OscMessageHandler AllMessageHandler;
    Hashtable AddressTable;

    /// <summary>
    /// General static helper that returns a string suitable for printing representing the supplied 
    /// OscMessage.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="message">The OscMessage to be stringified.</param>
    /// <returns>The OscMessage as a string.</returns>
    public static string OscMessageToString(OscMessage message)
    {
      StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
      s.Append(message.Address);
      foreach( object o in message.Values )
      {
        s.Append(" ");
        s.Append(o.ToString());
      }
      return s.ToString();
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates an OscMessage from a string - extracts the address and determines each of the values. 
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="message">The string to be turned into an OscMessage</param>
    /// <returns>The OscMessage.</returns>
    public static OscMessage StringToOscMessage(string message)
    {
      OscMessage oM = new OscMessage();
      // Console.WriteLine("Splitting " + message);
      string[] ss = message.Split(new char[] { ' ' });
      IEnumerator sE = ss.GetEnumerator();
      if (sE.MoveNext())
        oM.Address = (string)sE.Current;
      while ( sE.MoveNext() )
      {
        string s = (string)sE.Current;
        // Console.WriteLine("  <" + s + ">");
        if (s.StartsWith("\""))
        {
          StringBuilder quoted = new StringBuilder();
          bool looped = false;
          if (s.Length > 1)
            quoted.Append(s.Substring(1));
          else
            looped = true;
          while (sE.MoveNext())
          {
            string a = (string)sE.Current;
            // Console.WriteLine("    q:<" + a + ">");
            if (looped)
              quoted.Append(" ");
            if (a.EndsWith("\""))
            {
              quoted.Append(a.Substring(0, a.Length - 1));
              break;
            }
            else
            {
              if (a.Length == 0)
                quoted.Append(" ");
              else
                quoted.Append(a);
            }
            looped = true;
          }
          oM.Values.Add(quoted.ToString());
        }
        else
        {
          if (s.Length > 0)
          {
            try
            {
              int i = int.Parse(s);
              // Console.WriteLine("  i:" + i);
              oM.Values.Add(i);
            }
            catch
            {
              try
              {
                float f = float.Parse(s);
                // Console.WriteLine("  f:" + f);
                oM.Values.Add(f);
              }
              catch
              {
                // Console.WriteLine("  s:" + s);
                oM.Values.Add(s);
              }
            }

          }
        }
      }
      return oM;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Takes a packet (byte[]) and turns it into a list of OscMessages.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="packet">The packet to be parsed.</param>
    /// <param name="length">The length of the packet.</param>
    /// <returns>An ArrayList of OscMessages.</returns>
    public static ArrayList PacketToOscMessages(byte[] packet, int length)
    {
      ArrayList messages = new ArrayList();
      ExtractMessages(messages, packet, 0, length);
      return messages;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Puts an array of OscMessages into a packet (byte[]).
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="messages">An ArrayList of OscMessages.</param>
    /// <param name="packet">An array of bytes to be populated with the OscMessages.</param>
    /// <param name="length">The size of the array of bytes.</param>
    /// <returns>The length of the packet</returns>
    public static int OscMessagesToPacket(ArrayList messages, byte[] packet, int length)
    {
      int index = 0;
      if (messages.Count == 1)
        index = OscMessageToPacket((OscMessage)messages[0], packet, 0, length);
      else
      {
        // Write the first bundle bit
        index = InsertString("#bundle", packet, index, length);
        // Write a null timestamp (another 8bytes)
        int c = 8;
        while (( c-- )>0)
          packet[index++]++;
        // Now, put each message preceded by it's length
        foreach (OscMessage oscM in messages)
        {
          int lengthIndex = index;
          index += 4;
          int packetStart = index;
          index = OscMessageToPacket(oscM, packet, index, length);
          int packetSize = index - packetStart;
          packet[lengthIndex++] = (byte)((packetSize >> 24) & 0xFF);
          packet[lengthIndex++] = (byte)((packetSize >> 16) & 0xFF);
          packet[lengthIndex++] = (byte)((packetSize >> 8) & 0xFF);
          packet[lengthIndex++] = (byte)((packetSize) & 0xFF);
        }
      }
      return index;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a packet (an array of bytes) from a single OscMessage.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>A convenience method, not requiring a start index.</remarks>
    /// <param name="oscM">The OscMessage to be returned as a packet.</param>
    /// <param name="packet">The packet to be populated with the OscMessage.</param>
    /// <param name="length">The usable size of the array of bytes.</param>
    /// <returns>The length of the packet</returns>
    public static int OscMessageToPacket(OscMessage oscM, byte[] packet, int length)
    {
      return OscMessageToPacket(oscM, packet, 0, length);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates an array of bytes from a single OscMessage.  Used internally.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>Can specify where in the array of bytes the OscMessage should be put.</remarks>
    /// <param name="oscM">The OscMessage to be turned into an array of bytes.</param>
    /// <param name="packet">The array of bytes to be populated with the OscMessage.</param>
    /// <param name="start">The start index in the packet where the OscMessage should be put.</param>
    /// <param name="length">The length of the array of bytes.</param>
    /// <returns>The index into the packet after the last OscMessage.</returns>
    private static int OscMessageToPacket(OscMessage oscM, byte[] packet, int start, int length)
    {
      int index = start;
      index = InsertString(oscM.Address, packet, index, length);
      //if (oscM.Values.Count > 0)
      {
        StringBuilder tag = new StringBuilder();
        tag.Append(",");
        int tagIndex = index;
        index += PadSize(1 + oscM.Values.Count);

        foreach (object o in oscM.Values)
        {
          if (o is int)
          {
            int i = (int)o;
            tag.Append("i");
            packet[index++] = (byte)((i >> 24) & 0xFF);
            packet[index++] = (byte)((i >> 16) & 0xFF);
            packet[index++] = (byte)((i >> 8) & 0xFF);
            packet[index++] = (byte)((i) & 0xFF);
          }
          else
          {
            if (o is float)
            {
              float f = (float)o;
              tag.Append("f");
              byte[] buffer = new byte[4];
              MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(buffer);
              BinaryWriter bw = new BinaryWriter(ms);
              bw.Write(f);
              packet[index++] = buffer[3];
              packet[index++] = buffer[2];
              packet[index++] = buffer[1];
              packet[index++] = buffer[0];
            }
            else
            {
              if (o is string)
              {
                tag.Append("s");
                index = InsertString(o.ToString(), packet, index, length);
              }
              else
              {
                tag.Append("?");
              }
            }
          }
        }
        InsertString(tag.ToString(), packet, tagIndex, length);
      }
      return index;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Receive a raw packet of bytes and extract OscMessages from it.  Used internally.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>The packet may contain a OSC message or a bundle of messages.</remarks>
    /// <param name="messages">An ArrayList to be populated with the OscMessages.</param>
    /// <param name="packet">The packet of bytes to be parsed.</param>
    /// <param name="start">The index of where to start looking in the packet.</param>
    /// <param name="length">The length of the packet.</param>
    /// <returns>The index after the last OscMessage read.</returns>
    private static int ExtractMessages(ArrayList messages, byte[] packet, int start, int length)
    {
      int index = start;
      switch ( (char)packet[ start ] )
      {
        case '/':
          index = ExtractMessage( messages, packet, index, length );
          break;
        case '#':
          string bundleString = ExtractString(packet, start, length);
          if ( bundleString == "#bundle" )
          {
            // skip the "bundle" and the timestamp
            index+=16;
            while ( index < length )
            {
              int messageSize = ( packet[index++] << 24 ) + ( packet[index++] << 16 ) + ( packet[index++] << 8 ) + packet[index++];
              int newIndex = ExtractMessages( messages, packet, index, length ); 
              index += messageSize;
            }            
          }
          break;
      }
      return index;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Extracts a messages from a packet.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="messages">An ArrayList to be populated with the OscMessage.</param>
    /// <param name="packet">The packet of bytes to be parsed.</param>
    /// <param name="start">The index of where to start looking in the packet.</param>
    /// <param name="length">The length of the packet.</param>
    /// <returns>The index after the OscMessage is read.</returns>
    private static int ExtractMessage(ArrayList messages, byte[] packet, int start, int length)
    {
      OscMessage oscM = new OscMessage();
      oscM.Address = ExtractString(packet, start, length);
      int index = start + PadSize(oscM.Address.Length+1);
      string typeTag = ExtractString(packet, index, length);
      index += PadSize(typeTag.Length + 1);
      //oscM.Values.Add(typeTag);
      foreach (char c in typeTag)
      {
        switch (c)
        {
          case ',':
            break;
          case 's':
            {
              string s = ExtractString(packet, index, length);
              index += PadSize(s.Length + 1);
              oscM.Values.Add(s);
              break;
            }
          case 'i':
            {
              int i = ( packet[index++] << 24 ) + ( packet[index++] << 16 ) + ( packet[index++] << 8 ) + packet[index++];
              oscM.Values.Add(i);
              break;
            }
          case 'f':
            {
              byte[] buffer = new byte[4];
              buffer[3] = packet[index++];
              buffer[2] = packet[index++];
              buffer[1] = packet[index++];
              buffer[0] = packet[index++];
              MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(buffer);
              BinaryReader br = new BinaryReader(ms);
              float f = br.ReadSingle();
              oscM.Values.Add(f);
              break;
            }
        }
      }
      messages.Add( oscM );
      return index;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Removes a string from a packet.  Used internally.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="packet">The packet of bytes to be parsed.</param>
    /// <param name="start">The index of where to start looking in the packet.</param>
    /// <param name="length">The length of the packet.</param>
    /// <returns>The string</returns>
    private static string ExtractString(byte[] packet, int start, int length)
    {
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
      int index = start;
      while (packet[index] != 0 && index < length)
        sb.Append((char)packet[index++]);
      return sb.ToString();
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Inserts a string, correctly padded into a packet.  Used internally.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="string">The string to be inserted</param>
    /// <param name="packet">The packet of bytes to be parsed.</param>
    /// <param name="start">The index of where to start looking in the packet.</param>
    /// <param name="length">The length of the packet.</param>
    /// <returns>An index to the next byte in the packet after the padded string.</returns>
    private static int InsertString(string s, byte[] packet, int start, int length)
    {
      int index = start;
      foreach (char c in s)
      {
        packet[index++] = (byte)c;
        if (index == length)
          return index;
      }
      packet[index++] = 0;
      int pad = (s.Length+1) % 4;
      if (pad != 0)
      {
        pad = 4 - pad;
        while (pad-- > 0)
          packet[index++] = 0;
      }
      return index;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Takes a length and returns what it would be if padded to the nearest 4 bytes.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="rawSize">Original size</param>
    /// <returns>padded size</returns>
    private static int PadSize(int rawSize)
    {
      int pad = rawSize % 4;
      if (pad == 0)
        return rawSize;
      else
        return rawSize + (4 - pad);
    }
  }
}