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Page 468 determining locations catch blocks, 428 try blocks, 428 objects, 385 program requirements, 377, 384-385 required objects for programs, 378 size (variables), 30 development cycle, 13 waterfall method, 375 directives. See commands disarming pointers, 156 division operator (/), 45 dowhile loops, 119-120 dot operator (.), 151, 352 double quotation marks( ), 21 double slash (//) comments, 22, 26 doubles, 35 doubly linked lists, 302 driver programs, 394, 400-401 dynamic cast operator, 283, 286 dynamic casting, 299 E elements, 225 arrays accessing, 226-227 uninitialized, 243 else clause, 51-53 #else command, 349 conditional compiling, 352 empty for loops, 124-126 encapsulation, 8, 87, 379 #endif command, 349 enum keyword, 39 enumerated constants, 39 environment variables, 15 equals operator (==), 44-45, 50-51, 218 error handling, 423 errors compile-time, 15-17, 63-64, 81, 101, 280, 289, 298 compilers, 73, 109, 250 compiling, 15-17 fence posts, 228 finding, 100, 109 compile-time, 101 run-time, 101 eternal loops (while(true) loops), 117-118 evaluating expressions, 43-44 event loops, 380-382 examining this pointer (assignment operator (=)), 216-218 exceptions, 422-424 catching, 424, 427-429 determining locations, 428 handling, 423 passing by reference, 429, 433 polymorphic, 429, 433 raising, 427-428 throwing, 424, 427-428 transmitting information about problems, 424 executable files, creating, 13 executable programs, turning object files into, 12 executing functions, 23, 61 programs, 23 exiting functions, 25 expressions, 43-44. See also operators evaluating, 43-44 examples, 43 F false values, 59-60 falsity, 50 fence post errors, 228 _FILE_ macro (predefined), 357 filenames, 352 files designing, 389 executable, creating, 13 H, 20 header (.HPP), 102, 351, 438 implementation (.CPP), 101, 351 include, 20 intermediate, 348 linkable. See also libraries, 13 .OBJ, 351 object, 12 saving, 11 simple text (writing programs), 11 source, 11 source code, 347-348 text, 16 filling arrays, 240 filtering access (contained members), 328 FindArea() function, 64 finding bugs, 101, 159 errors, 100-101, 109 floating-point variables, 30 floats, 35, 40 flow control, 111 for loops, 121 empty, 124-126 example, 122 multiple initialization, 122-123 nesting, 126-127 null statements, 123-125 sequence of operations, 122 formats, rich text, 391 forward slash (/), 45 free store, 143, 148, 159, 235-236. See also heap advantages, 144 arrays declaring, 235-238 deleting, 238 storing, 234-235 cleaning, 144 memory, 234 allocating, 189 reserving memory, 144 returning memory, 145 objects accessing, 151-152 creating, 151 declaring, 159 deleting, 150-151 variables, global/local, 143
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