|
|
 |
|
|
|
|
as logical operator, 193-196 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
precedence of, 197, 516, A1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
in relational operators, 191 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exclusive OR expressions, syntax template for, A22 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.exe files, 859 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Executable assertions, 371-373, A2-A3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Executable statements, 63-71 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Execution, program, 6, 12, 78-80 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
tests performed during, 239-240 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
tracing, 234-237, 312 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
exit function, A9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exit status, 73, 215 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exiting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
functions, 339-341 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
loops, 256-257, 274, 277, 472-475 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
exp function, A6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Explicit parameter matching, 352 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exponential class algorithms, 286 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exponentiation program, 1122-1123 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exponents |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
in floating point numbers, 56, 527-528, 530 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
syntax templates for, 509, A28 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expression lists, A21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expression statements, 511 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expressions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
arithmetic, 94-99 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
for array indices, 596-598 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
in assignments, 63, 510-511 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
in comparisons, 192-193 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
evaluating, 64-68, 196, 200-201 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
in for statements, 469 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
formatting, A36-A37 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
with increment and decrement operators, 512-513 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
logical, 188-196 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
as parameters, 102, 141, 343 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
for pointers, 974-979, 1078-1079 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
for switch statements, 460-461 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
syntax template for, A21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
type coercion in, 547-549 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extensible data abstractions, 920 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
extern reserved word, 396-397 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
External pointers for linked lists, 1050 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
External representation of characters, 518-519 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
External variables, 396-397 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extraction operator (>>) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
for strings, 672-675 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
using, 133-136 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ExtTime class, 912-914 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
constructors for, 916-920 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
implementation file for, 917-920 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
specification file for, 914-917 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
exttime. cpp file, 917-920 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
exttime .h file, 914-917 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\f escape sequence, 521 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F with constants, 508 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fabs function, 103, 201, A7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Factorial class algorithms, 286 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Factorial function |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
using iteration, 411-412 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
using recursion, 1124-1127 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fail state, 151-152, 165-167 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
in EOF-controlled loops, 264 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
in sentinel-controlled loops, 262 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
testing for, 213-215 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Failing notices case study, 220-225 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
False values, 188-189 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fear of starting, 25-26 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fetch-execute cycle, 16 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fields |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
output, 109-113 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
record. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
See Members of structures |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fieldwidth specifications, 109-113 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File scope, 391 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Files, 77-78, 145-146 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
classes for, 162 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
deleting, 416-417 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
header. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
See Header files |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
input from, 144-145, 150-152, 165-167 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
in input/output statements, 148-149 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
opening, 147-149, 152, 214 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
project, 860-861 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
run-time input of names for, 675-676 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sample program using, 149-151 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
streams for, 146-147 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Filter, preprocessor as, 76-77 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FindLast function (Transpose), 423 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Finite state machines, 269-273 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FiniteState program, 272-273 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Flag-controlled loops, 264-265 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
in flow design, 275-276 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
testing, 312 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Flat implementation, 159 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
float data type, 55-56 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
as atomic data type, 502 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
constants, 508 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
with input statements, 135 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
promoting, 548 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ranges of, 508 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
float.h file, 508, A5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Floating point data types, 55-56 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
arithmetic with, 528-530 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
as atomic data types, 503 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
cancellation errors in, 532-533 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
comparing, 201, 530 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
constants, 508-509, A5, A28 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
demoting, 550 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
division with, 65-66 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
implementation of, 530-533 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
with input statements, 135 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mixing with integers, 95-99, 548, 550 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
overflow and underflow of, 531-532 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
precision of, 55-56, 526-528, 530, 534 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
promoting, 548 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ranges of, 508 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
representation of, 526-528 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
syntax template for, A28 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
testing and debugging, 576-577, 582 |
|
|
|
|
|