GO . .   crystal radio information.
 
 

Here are some links to begin with:
 

http://www.b-kainka.de/bastel0.htm

http://www.scitoys.com/scitoys/scitoys/radio/homemade_radio.html

http://www.oldradioworld.de/gollum/               Gollums Welt der Detektor-Empfaenger
      http://www.oldradioworld.de/gollum/analysis.htm          Crystal Set Analysis
       http://www.oldradioworld.de/gollum/testing.htm             Crystal Set Testing

http://bellsouthpwp2.net/w/u/wuggy/
       http://bellsouthpwp2.net/w/u/wuggy/works.htm                    how they work
       http://bellsouthpwp2.net/w/u/wuggy/audion.htm                    Audion
       http://bellsouthpwp2.net/w/u/wuggy/build.htm                        Crystal Radio Construction Notes

http://members.aol.com/oldradjo/repair.htm                      Remagnetizing Headphone Magnets

http://www.eht.com/oldradio/clubinfo/monthly/Nov-96/HEADPHON.html      How To Remagnetize Old Headphones

http://www.a-m.de/             Inhalt Name suchen Kristalle

http://www.midnightscience.com
             The Xtal Set Society

http://www.bentongue.com/xtalset/xtalset.html

http://www.techlib.com/electronics/crystal.html           Crystal Radio Circuits

http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Detektor.htm                                    Der Detektorempfänger - vom Anfang bis heute
       http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Detektor/Mende.htm                Berechnung, Bau und Messung von Detektorempfängern
       http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Detektor/DX-Detektor.htm
       http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Kristall.htm                                Kristall - Detektor - Selbstgebaut !

http://homepage.tinet.ie/~ei9gq/regen.html                        REGENERATIVE TRF RECEIVER

http://homepage.tinet.ie/~ei9gq/80M_.html                        80 METRE RECEIVER Mixer !

http://members.tripod.com/baec/articles/crystal.htm      Ge-Diode for Crystal Set

http://earlyradiohistory.us/audi1907.htm                 T   H   E        A   U   D   I   O   N

http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Bastelschule/Russenreflex.htm      Reflex-Empfänger mit der Russischen

http://home.arcor.de/thuernagel/radio.htm                    Zinksulfid  Radioktive Beleuchtungen

http://dc2.uni-bielefeld.de/dc2/tip/index.html                 Nachweis von Schwefel in Spargel => Bleisulfid.

http://headwize.com/projects/showproj.php?file=noise_prj.htm             Build These Noise-Canceling Headphones
       http://headwize.com/projects/showproj.php?file=tongue1_prj.htm   Measuring the Effective Impedance and Sensitivity of Headphones

http://www.crystalradio.net/soundpowered/                      Sound Powered Phones for Crystal Sets

       http://www.crystalradio.net/                        Crystal Radio

http://members.aol.com/scottswim/index.html                           Scott's Crystal Radios

http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/BUILD_XTAL_RADIO_1.html         A 'Selective' Razor Blade Crystal Radio

http://members.aol.com/djadamson7/articles/foxhole.html                                            Foxhole Radios

http://www.radio.mcmail.com/xtal.html                                           Crystal Sets

http://www.adonald.btinternet.co.uk/Crystal/Crystal.html        Fox hole radio


Some links on Negative Resistance:

http://home.earthlink.net/~lenyr/iposc.htm                               Iron Pyrites Negative Resistance Oscillator.
       http://home.earthlink.net/~lenyr/zincosc.htm                    Zinc Negative Resistance Oscillator.
       http://home.earthlink.net/~lenyr/nraudio.htm                    Code Practice Oscillator made from Homemade Active Semiconductor
       http://home.earthlink.net/~lenyr/ngres2.htm                     Other Homemade Semiconductor Materials Make Negative Resistance Oscillator.

http://www.keelynet.com/zpe/negistor.htm                                                                                 

http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_pa/Scots_Guide/RadCom/part5/page1.html           Negative Resistance

http://www.wsi.tu-muenchen.de/T33/research/projects/projects_1999/article1.htm         Theory of room temperature resonant tunneling devices: Si-insulator heterostructures

http://ipga.phys.ucl.ac.uk/research/arrays/rtt-paper.html                                                       The Resonant Tunnelling Transistor

http://oldkevspage.tripod.com/wr/xtal3.html                                   CRYSTAL SET CORNER

http://www.a-reny.com/iexplorer/cristadyne.html                        SEMICONDUCTOR ARCHAEOLOGY

http://edu.ioffe.ru/wmw/n2/pdf/36-41a.pdf                                      Losov Oleg.. detector Radio

http://www.webex.net/~skywaves/xtal/xtal.htm                      CRYSTAL RADIOS

http://www.antique-radio.org/education/crystal/crystal.htm     The Crystal Set       Perikon
 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

"Es ist hier nicht der Raum, im einzelnen auf Kristalldetektoren
einzugehen, deren letzter Schleier mit Bezug auf die vorliegenden
Erscheinungen und Eigenschaften noch nicht völlig gelüftet ist.
Es soll nur so viel gesagt werden, dass die aktiven Detektormaterialien
eine tunlichst vollkommene und verlustlose Ventilwirkung aufweisen sollen.
Sehr geeignet sind unter anderem folgende Kombinationen:

Rotzinkerz(Zinkit, Perikon) mit Tellur oder Kupferkies,
Eisenpyrit mit Gold,
Bleiglanz mit Graphit oder Tellur,
Karborund mit Messing oder Neusilber bzw. Kupfer,
Kupferkies mit Aluminium,
Silizium mit Gold (drahtförmig),
Eisenkies mit Gold (drahtförmig),
Tellur mit Aluminium."
 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

 Bleiglanz (Galenit)
 Bleisulfid (PbS)
 Fundort: Sweetwater Mine/USA
 

 Farbe:                                       bleigrau
 Strich und Glanz:                     grauschwarz
 Härte und Dichte:                    2,5 - 3 (Mohs), 7,58 g/cm3
 Spaltbarkeit; Bruch:               vollkommen (Würfel); Bruch muschelig
 Kristallsystem und Formen:   kubisches System, dort viele Grundformen und Kombinationen, auch Zwillinge
 Aggregate:                                Kristalle mit teilweise gestreiften oder geknickten Flächen, derb, körnig, dichte Massen
 Nachweis:                                 leicht löslich in Salpetersäure, mit konzentrierte Salzsäure bildet sich Schwefelwasserstoff,
                                                    verbrennt an  der Luft unter Bildung von Bleioxid und Schwefeldioxid
 Fundorte (Auswahl):                Freiberg/Sachsen, Lavrion/Griechenland, Huanzala/Peru, Lagerstätten in Oberschlesien,
                                                     im Erzgebirge, im Harz, im Siegerland, in Schweden, im Kaukasus, in Colorado/USA, im Mississippi-Gebiet, u.a.
 Bedeutung:                                 wichtigstes Erz zur Bleigewinnung, daneben auch zur Gewinnung von Silber
 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lagerstätten: USA, auch in Deutschland: Rammelsberg, Neudorf (Harz),
Hagendorf (Nähe Grenzübergang Waidhaus, Oberpfalz, Bayern);

Mechernich (Eifel), Freiberg- Andreasberg (sächsich. Erzgebirge)
 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Negativer Widerstand:  Wismutoxid     ZinkFerrit

Wismut:
http://www.dino-online.de/perl/show.pl?uri=http://home.t-online.de/home/whs-seidemann/
            oder  http://home.t-online.de/home/whs-seidemann/

http://www.wundersamessammelsurium.de/Magnetisches/XtraWismut/XtraWismut.html
 

ZinkFerrit
 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

http://web2.donzampano.com                                  MinMax Mineralien-Informations-System

http://webmineral.com/Alphabetical_Listing.shtml          Alphabetical Listing of Mineral Species

http://mineral.galleries.com:/minerals/by-name.htm       Minerals by name

http://www.a-reny.com/iexplorer/cristadyne.html
 

The most popular combinations where :
      Contacts :

    - Galena - Copper(Brass, Silver)
    - Molybdenite - Silver ribon
    - Iron Pyrite - Gold
    - Carborumdum - Steel
    - Copper - Silicium
    - Zincite - Steel
 

Some semi-conducting materials

Zink:       Rotzinkerz     (Zinkit) ZnO,
               Zinkit               (Zn,Mn)O
               Sphalerit         (Zinkblende) ZnFeS
               Zinc Blende     (see Sphalerite ) (Zn,Fe)S   Zinkblende   ZnS  Kokardenerz aus Lautenthal, Harz.
               Wurtzit           (Zn,Fe)S
               Wurtzite         (Zn,Fe)S
               Zinc Sulfide     (see Matraite ) ZnS aka.  Matraite

SiC:         Moissanite  (SiC)

Mo:        Molybdenite, MoS2
 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

 By far the best detector crystal is galena (lead sulfide).  Fools gold (iron pyrite) is another
candidate, and actually seems better than galena for short waves.  Other usable minerals
include chalcopyrite, bornite, cerussite, and molybdenite
 
 

  CERUSSITE:         PbCO3, Lead Carbonate
  BORNITE  :           Cu5FeS4, Copper Iron Sulfide
  CHALCOPYRITE: CuFeS2, Copper Iron Sulfide
  MOLYBDENITE:  MoS2, Molybdenum Sulfide
  ZINCITE:              ZnO , Zinc Oxide
  SPHALERITE:      (Zn, Fe)S, Zinc Iron Sulfide
  WURTZITE:         (Zn, Fe)S, Zinc Iron Sulfide  aka: Matraite
  CUPRITE:             Cu2O, Copper Oxide
 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

Pyrit   Eisensulfid (FeS2)
Fundort: Navajun/Spanien
 

 Farbe:                                          goldgelb, braun, bunte Anlauffarben
 Strich und Glanz:                       grünlich-schwarz
 Härte und Dichte:                       6 - 6,5 (Mohs), 5 - 5,2 g/cm3
 Spaltbarkeit; Bruch:                 undeutlich; Bruch muschelig
 Kristallsystem und Formen:    kubisches System, dort fast alle Grundformen und zahlreiche Kombinationen,
                                                      Durchdringungszwillinge der Pyritoeder ("Eisernes Kreuz")
 Aggregate:                                 derb, in körnigen Massen, knollig, nierig, radialstrahlig, Versteinerungsmedium von Fossilien
 Nachweis:                                  in verdünnter Salzsäure unlöslich, in konzentrierter Salpetersäure löslich, beim Schlagen auf
                                                      Feuerstein bilden sich Funken unter Schwefelgeruch, verbrennt mit Luft zu Eisen(III)-oxid und
                                                     Schwefeldioxid; von Markasit durch die Kristallform unterscheidbar
 Fundorte (Auswahl):                Navajun und Ambas Aguas/Spanien, Huanzala/Peru, Elba/Italien, Hunan/China (Pyritsonnen),
                                                     Lagerstätten in Rio Tinto/Spanien
 Bedeutung:                                wichtiges Ausgangsprodukt für die Herstellung von Schwefelsäure  H2SO4
 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 SCHWEFEL:
 

          Schwefelblüte (Schwefel, sublimiert),  reinst
          Sublimierter Schwefel; lat. Sulfur sublimatum * S *
          Atommasse 32,06 g/mol *
          CAS-Nr. [7704-34-9] *
          EG-Nr.: 2317226 * entspricht analytischer Spezifikation von DAB 6 *
          Gefahrstoff gem. GefStoffV: ja, F/Xi -  LEICHTENTZÜNDLICH/REIZEND *
          Literaturhinweise: Merck Index 12,9150; Fieser 14,291; 15,297 #7704349
 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

http://www.lgrb.uni-freiburg.de/d/prod/schrift/jahresheft38/81-116.pdf       Lagerstätten in Baden-Württemberg

http://www.paleotek.de/veranstaltungen/Messen%20und%20Boersen.htm     Mineralienbörsen

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

PERIKON DETECTOR

                               Perikon - this is a detector that uses two different minerals, usually zincite and chalcopyrite, in contact with each other for detection.
                              A Perikon Detector was a form of crystal detector employed in the early days of radio broadcasting.
                               It consisted of a crystal of zincite and a crystal of bornite so mounted that there was a point contact between them.
 

IRON RUST

                              A more reliable detector substance is iron rust. We had some iron discs
                              laying around the lab, so I just put some water on them and left them
                              overnight. The resulting patches of orange are quite sensitive. These disc
                              detectors need a fair bit of contact pressure from the pencil lead. Probably
                              a rusty razor blade would do just about the same.
 

XACTO BLADE

                              Not having any razor blades handy, I tried an Xacto (tm) blade. It works, but
                              takes a VERY light touch, the pencil just brushing against the surface of the
                              blade. Sensitivity is good, but it seems kind of fickle and drifts due to the
                              precarious nature of the contact.
 

RAZOR BLADE

                              I found a rusty razor blade; good sensitivity, and it's less picky about the
                              junction contact than the Xacto blade. You can use any thin sheet of steel.
                              Clean the surface to a shiny finish an heat the metal in a candle. Observe the
                              surface change to a light blue hue. This is the thin layer of iron oxide.
                              You may use a graphite pencil ti as poit contact

                             Detektor:  alte Rasirklinge (blau) mit Graphit (Bleistift) Kontakt  (Eisenoxyd+Graphit)
 

COPPER OXIDE

                              Copper oxide, in the form of old vacuum sealing rings, is also a sensitive
                              detector substance.

                              This is a "renewable" detector- sanding the copper with some fine-grit
                              sandpaper until it's shiny gives best results. Possibly the fresh, very thin
                              oxide layer is most sensitive. Once again precarious nature of the contact
                              makes using it tricky. Hold a stri of shiny copper into a flame (candle) and
                             watch the surface against the light getting a light blue tint. At this point
                             a thin layer of coper oxide has built up. Now remove the strip from the
                             flame an let is cool down. Use a point contact with varaiable pressure and
                             find the "soft spot". Observe the signal's volume when encreasing the
                            pressure is increased. When too much pressure is apllied, the thin layer of
                            copperoxide brakes up.
 

CERUSSITE          (lead carbonate)

 MOLYBDENITE  (molybdenum disulfide)

 LEAD PEROXIDE  Lead Peroxide, also called Lead Dioxide, is a brown colored crystalline powder   PbO2

 ZINC PEROXIDE