ACRONYMS.TXT --- ISO-8859-1 Last modified 2009-11-09 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1BASE-5 1MHz StarLAN 1G 1st Generation ( analog system ) 2B1Q 2-Binary 1-Quaternary ( modulation scheme ) 2D 2(two)-Dimensional 2G 2nd Generation ( digital system ) 2W 2-Wire 3D 3(three)-Dimensional 3G 3rd Generation ( high-speed network system ) 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3M Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing ( Co. ) 3OIIP 3rd(third)-Order Input-Intercept Point 3OP 3rd(third)-Order Product ( level ) 6DOF 6 Degree Of Freedom ( boundary/finite-element modeling ) 8PSK 8-level Phase-Shift Keying 8-VSB 8-level Vestigial SideBand 10BASE-T 10MHz Twisted Pair ( 4-Wire UTP ) 10BASE-5 10MHz 'Thick Ethernet' ( thick coaxial cable ) 10BASE-2 10MHz 'Thin Ethernet' ( thin coaxial cable, 'Cheapernet' ) 16QAM 16-level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 64-CAP 64-point Carrierless Amplitude/Phase ( modulation ) 64QAM 64-symbol Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 100BASE-FX 100MHz Fiber Optic 100BASE-T4 100MHz Twisted Pair ( 4-pair UTP CAT-3 ) 100BASE-TX 100MHz Twisted Pair ( 2-pair UTP CAT-5, category five twisted-pair copper ) a atto ( 10^-18 ) A Ampere ( electrical current ) A2LA American Association for Laboratory Accreditation AA Active Addressing ( LCD ) AAGR Average Annual Growth Rate AAIC Active Addressing Integrated Circuit AAL ATM-Adaption Layer AAP Authorized Assembler Program ( IBM ) ABB Asea Brown Boveri ( http://www.abb.com/ ) ABC ADPCM Baseband Controller ( DECT ) ABF Adaptive Beam-Forming ( filter ) ABI Application Binary Interface ABIL Advanced Bus-Interface Logic ABK Anzeige-BedienKomponente ( SPS ) ABLE Adaptive Batterie-Life Extender ABM Advanced Batterie Management ABM Asynchronous Balance Mode ABM ATM-Buffer Manager ABR Available Bit Rate ( ATM ) ABS Analog Behavorial Model ABS Anti-lock Braking System ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ( Akrylnitril, Butadien, Styrol ) ABT Advanced BiCMOS Technology AC Advanced CMOS ( circuit ) AC Alternating Current ACATS Advisory Committee on Advanced Television Service ( standard ) ACB Association of Competent Bodies ( EMC directive ) ACC American Control Conference ACD Advanced Communication Devices ( Fremont CA ) AC/DC Alternating Current - Direct Current ACE Absolute Contacting Encoder ACE Advanced Communication Engine ACE Analog Circuit Engine ACE Asynchronous Communication Element ACE ATM Crossbar Element ACELP Adaptive Code-Excited Linear Prediction ACESA Australian Commonwealth Engineering Standards Association ACET Advisory Commitee on Electronics and Telecommunication ACF Anisotropic Conductive Film ACF Auto-Correlation Function ACI Automatic Calibration Interface ( ASAM ) ACI Automatic Channel Installation ( TV ) ACIA Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter ACK Acknowledge ( ASCII control code ) ACL Advanced CMOS Logic ACL Application Configuration Language ACM Address-Code Multiplex ACM Association for Computing Machinery ACME A Company Making Everything [ humorously explained, a brand sold from Sears Roebuck catalogs ] ACM/SIGDA Association for Computing Machinery/Special Interest Group on Design Automation ACOS Advisory Committee on Safety ACP Adjacent Channel Power ACPC Apple Communications Protocol Card [ a parallel interface card that lets an Apple II-family computer communicate and exchange files with other Apple II computers or with most IBM host computers ] ACPI Advanced Configuration and Power Interface ACPR Adjacent-Channel Power-Ratio ( measurement ) ACR Advanced Capabilities Radar ACR Allowed Cell Rate ( ATM ) ACR Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio ACSE Association Control Service Element AD Analog Devices A/D Analog to Digital ADA Autonomous Data Acquisition ADB Apple Desktop Bus ADC American Digital Cellular ( Telephony ) ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter ADE Audible Doppler Enhancer ADF Automatic Direction Finder ADFC Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club ADG Automatic Datasheet Generation ADLC Asynchronous Data Link Control ADM Add-Drop Multiplexer ADM Application Development Module ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse-Code Modulation ADR ASTRA Digital Radio ADS Advanced Design System ( Agilent EEsof Westlake Village CA, former HP EEsof ) ADSI Analog Display Service Interface ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ADSL Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line ( modem ) ADT Abstract Data Type ADTA Analog Design and Test Automation ADU Analog-Digital-Umsetzer ( ADC ) AE Application Engineer AEA American Electronic Association ( Washington DC ) AEA American Engineering Association ( Fort Worth TX ) AEC Acoustic Echo Cancellation AEEC Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee AEG Allgemeine Electricitäts-Gesellschaft ( Berlin, Germany ) AES Advanced Encryption Standard AES Automatic Electronic Shutter AESOP Application Engineering Support through Online Productivity ( BBS ) AF Audio Frequency AFAIK As Far As I Know ( net slang ) AFC Alkaline Fuel Cell AFC Automatic Frequency Control AFE Analog Front End AFEC Analog Front End Circuit AFI Advanced Fulfillment Initiative ( IBM ) AFIC Analog Front end Integrated Circuit AFLASH Audio-grade FLASH ( memory ) AFM Atomic Force Microscope Ag Argentum [ Silber ] AGC Automatic Gain Control AGLV ArbeitsGemeinschaft Lampen-Verwertung AGND Analog Ground AGP Accelerated Graphics Port AGV Automatic Guided Vehicle AHB Advanced High-performance Bus AHC Advanced High-speed CMOS AHDL Altera Hardware Description Language AHDL Analog Hardware-Description Language AI Artificial Intelligence AIC Analog In-Circuit ( test ) AIC Analog Interface Circuit AIDA Aerosols, Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere ( Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Germany ) AILS Automatic Input Level Setting AIM Attitude and Information Management ( subsystem, Pathfinder ) AIM Avalanche Induced Migration AIME Air Interface Monitor Emulation ( software ) AIN Advanced Intelligent Network AIS Alarm-Indication Signal ( ATM ) AIS Attribute Information Structure AIT Advanced Intelligent Tape ( Sony ) AJ Anti-Jamming AK Alaska AKA Also Known As AKD Any Key Down AKF AutoKorrelationsFunktion AKM Asahi Kasei Microsystems Al Aluminium AL Alabama AL América Latina AL Arbitrated Loop ALAP Appletalk Link Access Protocol [ the lowest-level protocol in the AppleTalk architecture, managing node-to-node delivery of frames on a single AppleTalk network ] ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable ( radiation risk ) ALB Advanced Low-voltage BiCMOS ALC Advanced Low-voltage CMOS ALE Address Latch Enable ( µC signal ) ALF Advanced Library Format AlGaN Aluminum Gallium Nitride ALGOL ALGOrithmic Language ALI Acer Laboratories Incorporated ( San Jose CA ) ALI Annual Limit on Intake [ the derived limit for the amount of radioactive material taken into the body of an adult by inhalation or ingestion in a year ] ALIS Analog Line Interface Solution ALM ATM-Layer Manager ALN Adaptive-Logic Network AlN Aluminum Nitride ( ceramic ) ALOHA Aboriginal Lands Of Hawaiian Ancestry ( movement ) ALS Advanced Light Source ALS Advanced Low-power Schottky ( logic ) ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit ALVC Advanced Low-Voltage CMOS ALVCH Advanced Low-Voltage CMOS with bus-Hold AM Active Matrix ( liquid-crystal display ) AM Amplitude Modulation AM Ante Meridiem [ before noon ] AM0 Air Mass 0 ( zero ) AMB Active Metal Brazing AMBA Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture ( ARM ) AMBE Advanced Multi-Band Excitation ( speech-compression technique ) AMC Associative Memory Controller AMC Australian Maritime College AMCAM Addressing Mapping Content Addressable Memory AMCC Applied Micro Circuits Corporation ( San Diego CA ) AMD Advanced Micro Devices ( Inc. Sunnyvale CA ) AMECA Automotive Manufacturers Equipment Compliance Agency AMEL Active-Matrix ElectroLuminsescent ( display ) AMG Alternating Metal Ground ( architecture, Fairchild ) AMI Alternate Mark Inversion AMI American Megatrends Incorporated AMI American Microsystems Incorporated ( Pocatello ID ) AMLCD Active-Matrix Liquid Crystal Display AMMPEC Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Processes for Economic Competitiveness ( organization New Mexico ) AMN Artifical Mains Network AMP Attached Media Processor AMPP Altera's Megafunction Partners Program AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service AMPS Automatic Minimization of Power through Sizing ( tool ) AMPSS Astec Modular Power Supply System AMR Audio/Modem Riser ( card specification, Intel ) A/MS Analog/Mixed Signal ( design ) AMS Alarm Management System AMS Analog-Mixed-Signal ( design ) AMTRI Advanced Manufacturing Technology Research Institute ANI Anwendungszentrum Neuro-Informatik ( e.V. Schwerin Germany ) AMU Address Management Unit [ on the Macintosh II, handles only 24-to-32-bit address translation and is not a true memory management unit ] ANI Automatic Number Identification ANOVA Analysis Of Variance ANRS Automatic Noise Reduction System ANS Adaptive Noise Suppression ANSI American National Standards Institute AOI Automated Optical Inspection AOQ Average Outgoing Quality AOTF Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter ( dynamic spectral filter ) APB Advanced PCI Bridge APB Advanced Peripheral Bus APC Advanced Power Control APCO Association of Public safety Communication Officials APD Avalanche PhotoDiode APDA Apple Programmers and Developers Association APEC Applied Power Electronics Conference API Application Programming Interface APIC Advanced Peripheral Interrupt Controller APL A Programming language APLI Applications Programming Language Interface APM Advanced Power Management APMP Associação para a Promoção do Multimédia em Portugal APS Active Pixel image Sensor APS Advanced Planning and Scheduling APS Associative Processor System APSK Audio Phase Shift Keying APT Advanced Power Technology ( Bend OR ) APU Associative Processing Unit AQL Acceptable Quality Level AQL Average Quality Level Ar Argon AR Arkansas ARAM Audio-grade dRAM ARAS Anti-Reflective Anti-Static ( display ) ARB ARBitrary-waveform generator ARCNET Attached Resource Computer local area NETwork ARCOFI Audio Ringing COdec FIlter ArF Argon Fluoride ( excimer laser for lithography ) ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Business ARINC Aeronautical Radio INC ( airline consortium ) ARL Address Resolution Logic ARM Advanced RISC Machines ( Ltd. Los Gatos CA; Cambridge UK ) ARN Atmospheric Radio Noise ARO After Receipt of Order ARP Address Resolution Protocol ( ATM ) ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency ( of the U.S. Department of Defense ) ARPANET [ A wide area network that links government, academic, and industrial installations around the world ] ARPES Angle-Resolved PhotoEmission Spectroscopy ARPU Average Revenue Per User ( mobile phone ) ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest ARRL American Radio Relay League ARS Agricultural Research Service ARU Automatic Routing Unit As Arsen AS AblaufSprache ( SPS ) AS Advanced Schottky ( logic ) ASA Acrylnitril-Styrol-Acrylester ( Copolymer ) ASA American Standards Association ASAM Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measurement systems ASAP As Soon As Possible ASCEND Altera/Synplicity Cooperative ENgineering Development ASCI Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASD Application Specific Discrete ASE Amplified Spontaneous Emission ASE Association Suisse des Electriciens ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air conditioning Engineers ASI Actuator Sensor Interface ASIA Active Signal Integrity Architecture ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit ASIP Application-Specific Intstruction-set Processor ASL Arithmetic Shift Left ( assembler mnemonic ) ASK Amplitude Shift Keying ASM Algorithmic State Machine ASM ASynchronMaschine ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASMW Amt für Standardisierung, Messwesen und Warenprüfung ASP Addressable Scan Port ( SN74ABT8996 ) ASP Analog Signal Processor ASP Application Service Provider ASPI Advanced SCSI Programming Interface ASR Arithmetic Shift Right ( assembler mnemonic ) ASR Automatic Speech Recognition ASRAM Asynchronous SRAM ASRS Aviation Safety Reporting System ASSET Advanced Support System for Emulation and Test ASSP Application-Specific Signal Processor ASSP Application-Specific Standard Product ASTA Association of Short-circuit Testing Authorities ASTEC Advanced Solar Turbo-Electric Conversion ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ASTRIC Application Specific Transmit and Receive Integrated Circuit ASVD Analog Simultaneous Voice and Data ( standard V.61 ) ATA AT-bus Attachment [ mobile version of IDE ] ATAPI AT Attachment Packet Interface [ IDE standard ] ATC Address Translation Controller ( ATM ) ATCS Advanced Time Channel Selection ATDA Agena Target Docking Adapter ATDNet Advanced Technology Demonstration Network ( OC-48 2.4 Gbps ) ATE Automatic Test Equipment ATG Automatic Test Generation ATIS Air-Travel Information System ATM Adobe Type Manager ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATML ATM Limited ( Santa Clara CA ) ATN Attention ATP Advanced Technology Program ATP Appletalk Transaction Protocol [ An AppleTalk protocol that's a Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) client ] ATP Available To Promise ATPG Automatic Test-Pattern Generation ATPG Automatic Test Program Generator A/T QRE Assembly/Test Quality and Reliability Engineering ATS Applications Technology Satellite ATS Audio Test System ATS Automatic Tuning amd Sort ( TV ) ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ATT Avalanche Transit Time ( diode ) ATU-R ADSL Termination Unit Residential part ATV Advanced TeleVision [ high-definition television ] ATVG Automatic Test Vector Generation Au Aurum [ Gold ] AUI Animation User Interface AUI Access Unit Interface AUI Attachment Unit Interface ( IEEE802.3 ) AUI Auxiliary Unit Interface AUMA Austellungs- Und MesseAuschuß ( der deutschen Wirtschaft e.V. ) AVC Automatic Volume Control AVG Audio, Video, and Graphics ( decoder ) AVI Advanced Vehicle Identification AVI Analog VHDL International ( standards group ) AVIP Audio-Visual Intellectual Property [ technology standard for networking consumer electronics and Internet appliances ] AVL Approved Vendor List AVL Automatic Vehicle Locator AWE Asymptotic Waveform Evaluation AWG American Wire Gauge AWG Arbitrary Waveform Generator AWL AnWeisungsListe ( SPS ) AWT Abstract Windowing Toolkit ( Java ) AZ Arizona B Bor B8ZS Binary 8(eight) Zero Suppression Ba Barium BABT British Approvals Board for Telecommunications BAHAMA Broadband-Adaptive-Homing-ATM Architecture BALUN BALanced-to-UNbalanced BAM Block Allocation Map BAPCO Business Applications Performance COrporation ( Santa Clara CA ) BAPT BundesAmt für Post und Telekommunikation BAS Bachelor of Applied Science BASDA British Accounting Software Developers Association BASEC British Approvals Service for Electric Cables BASEEFA British Approvals Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres BASIC Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BAW Bulk Acoustic Wave ( device ) BBAN Basic Bank Account Number BBC British Broadcasting Corporation ( http://www.bbc.co.uk/ ) BBC Brown Boveri & Company ( Baden Switzerland, now ABB ) BBD Block-Based Design BBD Bucket Brigade Device BBM Break Before Make BBS Bulletin Board Service BBT Bit-Block Transfer BBU Bob Bailey Unit [ a custom gate-array chip on the Macintosh SE that handles RAM, video, sound, etc. ] BC Behavorial Compiler BCC Block Check Character BCAST Buried Charge Accumulator and Sensing Transistor ( array ) BCCD Bulk Charge Coupled Device BCD Binary-Coded Decimal BCI BroadCast Interference BCJR Bahl, Cocke, Jelink, and Rajiv ( algorithm ) BCM BroadCast Manager ( LANE ) BCMD Bulk Charge Modulated Device BCS Board Control System BCT BiCMOS Technology BCTM Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting BDD Binary Decision Diagram BDI Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie BDLC Byte-Data-Link Communication BDM Background Debug Mode BDS Battery Disconnect Switch Be Beryllium BEAB British Electrotechnical Approvals Board BEE Bachelor of Electric Engineering BEF Brightness Enhancement Filter ( LCD ) BEI Back-scattered Electron Imaging BEL BELl ( ASCII control code ) BEM Boundary Element Method BeO Beryllium Oxide ( ceramic ) BEP BauEinheitenPrinzip BER Bit-Error Rate BERT Bit-Error-Rate Test BES BauEinheitenSystem BES Business Execution System BEST Berkeley Embedded Systems Team ( BSDI ) BFD Binary File Descriptor BFM Bus Functional Model ( emulator ) BFO Beat-Frequency Oscillator BFSK Binary Frequency Shift Keying BFSL Best-Fit Straight Line ( error measurement ) BGA Ball Grid Array BGI Borland Graphics Interface BGO BackGround Operation BH Bus Hold BHT Branch History Table Bi Bismut [ Wismut ] BiASIC Bipolar ASIC BIC Bank Identifier Code BiCMOS Bipolar CMOS BILBO Built-In Logic-Block Observer BION Believe It Or Not BIOS Basic Input/Output System BIP Bit-Interleaved Parity BIPS Billion Instructions Per Second BIST Built-In Self-Test BISYNC Binary Synchronous Communication BIT Binary digIT BIT Built In Testability BITE Built-In Test Equipment BIU Bus Interface Unit BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor BKP BauKastenPrinzip BLAS Basic Linear-Algebra Subprogram BLAST Bell Labs lAyered Space-Time ( wireless technique ) BLDA Bell Labs Design Automation ( group ) BLER BLock-Error Rate BLIP Background-Limited Infrared Photodetector BLOB Binary Large OBject BLP Bottom Leaded Plastic package BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics BLT BLock Transfer BLT Bondline Thickness BM Black Matrix BMA BundesMinisterium für Arbeit und soziale Ordnung BMBF BundesMinisterium für Bildung und Forschung BMC Burst Mode Controller BMDO Ballistic Missile Defence Organisation BML Burst-Mode Logic ( DECT ) BMPT BundesMinisterium für Post und Telekommunikation BMSR BetriebsMess-, Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik BMU Bit Manipulation Unit BNC Bayonet Navy Connector BNC Bayonet Neill Concelman ( connector ) BNC Bayonet Nut Connector BNCT Boron Neutron Capture Therapy BOB BreakOut Box BOM Bill Of Materials BOPS Billion Operations Per Second BORSHT Battery, Overvoltage protection, Ringing, Supervision, Hybrid, Testing BOS Battery Operating System BOSFET Bidirectional MOSFET BPD Buried PhotoDiode BPI Bits Per Inch BPP Bits Per Pixel bps bits per second BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying BPU Boundary-Processing Unit BPV Backward Propagation of Variance Bq Becquerel [ Radioaktivität, 1 Bq = 1 / s ] BR Backward Reporting ( ATM ) BR Billing Rate BRAM Burst RAM BRAN Broadband Radio Access Network BRD BundesRepublik Deutschland BRG Baud Rate Generator BRI Basic Rate Interface ( ISDN ) BRT Behavioral ReTiming BRT Bias-Resistor Transistor BS Back Space ( ASCII control code ) BSC Bachelor of SCience BSC Binary Synchronous Communication [ a type of protocol developed by IBM that uses synchronization of characters to control the transfer of data over communication lines. Also referred to as bi-sync communication ] BSC Boundary-Scan Cell ( JTAG ) BSD Berkeley Software Distribution [ a version of the UNIX operating system developed at the University of California at Berkeley ] BSDI Berkeley Software Design Inc. ( Colorado Springs CO ) BSDL Boundary Scan Description Language BSI British Standards Institute BSI Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik BSR Boundary-Scan Register ( JTAG ) BSRAM Bank-Switchable Random Access Memory BST Barium-Strontium-Titanate BST Boundary-Scan Test BSY Busy BT British Telecommunications ( plc ) BTA Bus Termination Array BTB Branch Target Buffer BTDL Bus Transaction Description Language BTF Byte Times per Frame BTI Batterie Technologies Inc. ( Ontario, Canada ) BTL Backplane Transceiver Logic BTL Bridge-Tied Load ( amplifier ) BTL/FB Backplane Transceiver Logic/FutureBus BTO Built To Order BTS Base Transceiver Station BTU British Thermal Unit BTW By The Way ( net slang ) BUND Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland ( e.V. Bonn Germany ) BUS Broadcast and Unknown Server ( LANE ) BUT Board Under Test BV Bureau Veritaas BVA British radio Valve manufacturers' Association BVBS BundesVereinigung der BauSoftwarehäuser ( Germany ) BVIT BundesVerband InformationsTechnologien ( e.V. Germany ) BW BandWidth BWA Broadband Wireless Access BWO Backward-Wave Oscillator BZT Bundesamt für Zulassung in der Telekommunikation c centi ( 10^-2 ) C Carbon [ Kohlenstoff ] C Coulomb ( electrical charge ) C/D Control/Data C/N Carrier to Noise ( ratio ) Ca Calcium [ Kalzium ] CA California CA CelluloseAcetat CA Certificate Authority CA³D Coherent-Adaptive-Antenna-Array Diversity CAA Civil Aviation Authority ( UK ) CAAA Channel-Aggregation Access Arrangement CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments CAAG Compound Average Annual Growth CAB CelluloseAcetoButyrat CAC Compact Anechoic Chamber ( EMC ) CACSE Computer-Aided Control System Engineering CAD Computer Aided Design CAE Computer Aided Engineering CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate CAI Computer-Aided Instruction [ the use of a computer to help teach people through interaction with educational software ] CAID Computer Aided Instrument Design CAIRN Collaborative Advanced Interagency Research Network CAIS Catalyst Adsorptive Insulator Semiconductor CAIST Center for Advanced Science and Technology ( Troy NY ) CAL CAN Application Layer CAL Clocked Adiabatic Logic CAL Common Application Language CAL Controlled Axial Lifetime ( diode ) CALEA Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act CALL Control Application Link Layer CALTECH CALifornia institute of TECHnology ( Pasadena CA ) CAM Computer-Aided Manufacturing CAM Content Addressable Memory CAMAC Computer-Aided Measurement and Control CAN CANcel ( ASCII control code ) CAN Controller Area Network CAN OPUS CAN OPen User System ( protocol ) CAP Carrierless Amplitude and Phase ( modulation ) CAP/QAM Carrierless Amplitude Phase modulation/Quadrature Amplitude Modulation CAP CTM Access Profile ( DECT ) CAPD Computer Automated Performance Data CAPE Copmputer Aided Production Engineering CAPI Common Application Programming Interface CAPI Common-ISDN Application Programming Interface CAPRI Code Address Private Radio Intercom CAPS Computer Aided Polymer Selection CARES Customer Automated REplenishment System CART Classification And Regression Tree ( neural network ) CAS Column Address Strobe CAS CPE Alerting Signal CASE Computer-Aided Software Engineering CAT Computer-Aided Test CAT Computerized Axial Tomography ( medical diagnostics ) CATV CAble TeleVision CATV Community Antenna TeleVision CAV Constant Angular Velocity CAVE Computer Assisted Virtual Environment CAVERN CAVE Research Network CAW Control of Asbestos at Work CB Certification Board CB Citiziens Band CB Competent Body ( EMC directive ) CB Complementary-Bipolar ( process ) CBA Cell-Based Array CBB Configurable Building Block ( FPGA ) CBC Complementary-Bipolar CMOS ( process ) CBC Cypher Block Chaining CBE Circuit Breakers for Equipment CBEMA Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association CBEMA/ITIC Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers Association/Information Technology Industry Council CBGA Ceramic Ball Grid Array CBGA Chip-scale Ball Grid Array CBI Circuit Board Indicator CBIC Cell-Based Integrated Circuit CBIC Complementary Bipolar Integrated Circuit CBIRS Content-Based Image Retrieval System CBL Cadence Berkeley Labs CBR Constant Bit Rate ( ATM ) CBS Cycle-Based Simulation CBT Computer-Based Training CBT CrossBar Technology ( switch ) CBU Costumization Business Unit CC Call Center CC Client Company CC Closed Captitioning ( TV ) CC Call Center CCA Clear Channel Assessment ( IEEE-802.11 ) CCC Component Communication and Coordination ( ASAM ) CCC Copyright Clearance Center ( Inc. Danvers MA ) CCD Charge-Coupled Device CCE Configurable Combinatorial Element ( FPGA ) CCF Cross-Correlation Function CCFL Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lighting/Lamp CCFT Cold Cathode Fluorescent Tube CCIC Commitee on Computing, Information, and Communications CCIF Comité Consultatif International Fonique (téléphonique) CCIR Comité Consultatif International des Radiocommunications CCIT Comité Consultatif International Télégraphique CCITT Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique CCITT Consultative Committee on International Telephone and Telegraph CCCN Customs Harmonised Commodity Code CCM Configurable Controller Methodology CCM Continuous Conduction Mode ( SMPS ) CCN Center for Civic Networking CCO Cisco Connection Online ( Cisco Systems, San Jose CA ) CCO Current-Controlled Oscillator CCP Consumer Controller Processor ( Zilog ) CCPIT China Council for the Promotion of International Trade CCR Current Cell Rate ( ATM ) CCS Common Channel Signalling CCS Computerized Charging System CCS Continuous Commercial Service CCSL Compatible Current Sinking Logic CCSN Common Channel Signalling Network CCSTN Color Codes Super Twisted Nematic ( LCD ) CCTV Closed-Circuit TeleVision CC/VL Constant Current - Voltage Limited ( power supply ) CCW CounterClockWise cd candela Cd Cadmium CD Compact Disk CDA Controller Desktop Advisor CDAM Cordless Digital Answering Machine CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Clock Distribution Circuit CDD polyChlorinated Dibenzo-para-Dioxin CDDI Copper-based Distributed Data Interface ( FDDI over STP ) CDDM Clock Driven Design Methodology CDE Common Desktop Environment CDF Cumulative Distribution Function CDF polyChlorinated DibenzoFuran CDFG Control-Data Flow-Graph ( format ) CDI Capacitive Discharge Ignition CDI Collector Diffusion Isolation ( transistor ) CD-I Compact Disc Interactive CDIP Ceramic Dual In-line Package CDL Capacitance-Driven Layout CDL Copper Data Link CDL Core-Diode Logic CDLC Connected Device Limited Configuration ( mobile phone ) CDM Charged Device Model ( ESD ) CDM Code Division Multiplex cd/m² candelas per square meter CDMA Code-Division Multiple-Access CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data CDR Clock and Data Recovery CDR Computer Disaster Recovery CD-R CD Recordable CDRH Center for Devices and Radiological Health CD-ROM Compact Disk-Read Only Memory CD-RW Compact Disc ReWritable CDS Correlated Double Sampling CDSL Consumer Digital Subscriber Line ( Rockwell ) cDSP customizable DSP CDT Cambridge Display Technology ( Inc. Cambridge England ) CDVT Cell Delay Variation Tolerance ( ATM ) CDW Computer Discount Warehouse Ce Cerium [ Zer ] CE Chip Enable CE Clear Entry ( key ) CE Conformité Européene / Certified Europe CE Contract Engineer CEA Components for Evaluation and Analysis ( ASAM ) CEBEC Comité Electrotechnique Belge CECC CENELEC Electronic Components Committee CEG Consumer Electronics Group ( EIA ) CEI Cabin Equipment Interface CEL California Eastern Laboratories ( Santa Clara ) CELP Card Edge Low Profile CELP Code Excited Linear Prediction CEM Contract Electronics Manufacturer CEM Conventional Electron Microscope CEMA Consumer Electronics Manufacturers Association CEN Comité Européen de Normalisation CENELEC Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique CEO Chief Executive Officer CerDIP Ceramic Dual In-Line Package CERMET CERamic METal ( compound used with trim pots ) CES Consumer Electronics Show ( Las Vegas ) CETI Communication with Extra-Terrestrial Intelligences CETRA China External TRAde development center ( Taiwan ) CF CompactFlash ( card ) CFA CompactFlash Association CFA Current Feedback Amplifier CFAR Constant False-Alarm Rate ( RADAR ) CFB Complex Functional Block ( ASSP ) CFC ChloroFluoroCarbon CFC Continuous Function Chart CFC Current-to-Frequency Converter CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics CFE ConFiguration Enable ( GPIB ) CFI Common Flash memory Interface CFL Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lighting CFM Cubic Feet per Minute CFO Chief Financial Officer CFR Code of Federal Regulations CFR Cooperative Fuel Research ( Motor ) CFS Color Field Sequential ( technique in LCoS displays ) CG Centre of Gravity CG Character Generator CGA Colour Graphics Adapter CGC Clock Generator Circuit CGI Common Gateway Interface CGK Computer Gesellschaft Konstanz ( mbH Konstanz Germany ) CGPM Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures cgs centimeter-gramm-second ( units system ) CGS Clock Generation and Support CH Contract House CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol CHDS Chip Hierarchical Design System CHE Channel-Hot-Electron ( injection ) CHeX Confined Helium eXperiment ( Stanford University, Stanford CA ) CHI Concentration Highway Interface ChLCD Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display CHMSL Center High-Mounted Stop Lamp CHRP Common Hardware Reference Platform ( PowerPC ) CiA CAN in Automation ( e.V. Erlangen Germany ) CIC Communications Intelligence Corporation ( Redwood Shores CA ) CICC Custom Integrated Circuits Conference CID Caller ID CID Charge-Injection Device CID Computer Integrated Design CIDCW Calling Identity Delivery on Call Waiting CIE Computer-Integrated Engineering CIEE China International Electronics Exhibition CIF CalTech Intermediate Format CIF Cell-In-Frame ( ATM ) CIF Common Interface Format ( 352 by 288 pixels ) CII Communications Instruments Incorporated ( Fairview NC ) CILAP Consortium for Intelligent Large-Area Processing CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturing CIMID Chip In Molded Interconnection Device CIMS Commercial Informations Management System CIMS Component Information Management System CIO Chief Information Officer CIPSU Computer Industry Project of Stanford University CIS Card Information Structure ( PCMCIA ) CIS Contact Image Sensor CIS Copper-Indium di-Selenide ( technology ) CIS Custom Integrated Services CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer CISPR Comité International Spécial de Perturbations Radioélectriques CITB Construction Industry Training Board CITEL Comisión Interamericana de Telecomunicaciones CITI Center for Information Technology Integration ( University of Michigan in Ann Arbor ) CITS Centro Internacional de Tecnología de Software ( Curitiba Brazil ) CJC Cold Junction Compensation CLA Control Law Accelerator CLAW Control of Lead At Work CLB Configurable Logic Block ( FPGA ) CLC Configurable Logic Cell ( FPGA ) CLCC Ceramic Leadless Chip Carrier CLEC Competitive Local-Exchange Carrier CLIW Configurable Long Instruction Word CLIX Competitive Local Inter-eXchange ( operator ) CLK Clock CLL Capacitor Long Life ( concept ) CLP Cell Loss Priority ( ATM ) CLUT Color Look-Up Table CLV Constant Linear Velocity CM Cable Modem CMA Ceramic Multilayer Actuators CMC Common Mezzanine Card CMC Corporate Management Committee ( IBM ) CMD Charge-Modulation Device CMD Command CMD Cross-Modulation Distortion CMF Current-Mode Feedback CMG Compter Marketing Group ( Avnet ) CMI Code Mark Inversion CMIC Coherent-Multistage-Interference Cancellation CMIP Common Management Information Protocol ( network ) CML Current-Mode Logic CMM Capability Maturity Model CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor CMP Chemical Mechanical Polishing CMR Common-Mode Rejection CMRR Common-Mode Rejection Ratio CMS Corporate Management System ( MentorGraphics ) CMTS Cable Modem Termination System CMVC Configuration Management and Version Control ( tool ) CMV Common-Mode Voltage CMVR Common-Mode Voltage Range CMY Cyan, Magenta, Yellow ( color scheme ) CMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, blacK ( color scheme ) CNAM Caling Name delivery CNC Computerized Numerical Control CND Calling Number Delivery CNDA Corporate Non-Disclosure Agreement CNE Certified Network Engineer CNR Carrier-to-Noise Ratio CNR Communication Networking Riser ( card specification, Intel ) Co Cobalt CO Central Office CO Colorado CO Crystal-controlled Oscillator COA Certificate Of Authenticity COAST Cache On A Stick COB Chip-On-Board ( technology ) COB Communicating OBject CoBALT Concurrent Broadcast Array Logic Technology ( design verification system ) COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language COD Cash On Delivery COD Catastrophic Optical Damage ( laser device failure mechanism ) CODEC Coder/Decoder COFDM Coded Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplex ( digital broadcast television ) COFF Common Object File Format COG Center Of Gravity COG Chip-On-Glas ( LCD ) COLIDAR COherent-LIght Detection And Ranging COM Center for Optic Manufacturing ( at Ney York's University of Rochester ) COM Component Object Model COMPANDER COMpressor-ExPANDER CONELRAD CONtrol of ELectromagnetic RADiations COO Chief Operating Officer COOTS Conference on Object-Oriented Technologies and Systems COP Coefficient Of Performance COPIS COnnector Product Information System ( Berg ) COPS Calculator Oriented Processor System CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture COS Card Operating System COS Corona Oxyde Semiconductor ( technology ) COSPAR COmmitee on SPAce Research COSSH Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health ( regulations ) COTS Commercial Off The Shelf CP CellulosePropionat CPCI CompactPCI CPE Customer Premise Equipment CPEM Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements ( July 1998 Washington D.C. ) CPFSK Continuous Phase Frequency-Shift Keying cpi characters per inch CPI Customer Price Index CPIA Colorado Photonics Industry Association ( Denver CO ) CPLD Complex Programmable Logic Device CPM Communication Port Manager CPM Communications Processor Module CPM Critical Path Method [ Netzplantechnik ] CP/M Control Program for Microcomputers CPNM Calling Party Number Message CPP Communications-Protocol Processor CPP CP Protocol CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission CPTC Ceramic Positive Teperature Coefficient ( device ) CPTWG Copy Protection Technical Working Group CPU Central Processing Unit CPW CoPlanar Waveguide CQFP Ceramic Quad Flat Pack Cr Chromium CR Carriage Return ( ASCII control code ) CR Certificate Request CR Chlorophene Rubber CRADA Cooperative Research And Development Agreement CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CRL Certificate Revocation Lists CRM Customer Relationship Management CRP Cathode Ray Panel CRS Carrier-Sense ( signal ) CRT Cathode-Ray Tube CRU Clock-Recovery Unit Cs Caesium [ Zäsium ] CS Card Services CS Chip Select C/S Client/Server ( system ) CSA Canadian Standards Association CSA Canadian Standards Authority CSA Carrier-Serving Area CSA Communication Signal Analyzer CSAM C-mode Scanning Acoustic Microscope CSC Color Screen Controller CSC Customer Solution Core CSCO Consolidated Space Operations Center ( Colorado Springs ) C-SCPI Compiled SCPI CSD Canonically Signed Digit ( code ) CSE Configurable Sequential Element ( FPGA ) CSEM Center Suisse d'Electrotechnique et de Microtechnique ( SA Neuchâtel Switzerland ) CSI Color-Sequential Imaging ( LCD ) CSL Computer Science Laboratory ( Xerox PARC ) CSL Current-Sinking Logic CSM Cell Site Modem CSM Component and Supplier Management CSM Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing ( Ltd. Singapore ) CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access, Collision Avoidance CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access, Collision Detect CSMA/CR Carrier Sense, Multiple Access, with Collision Resolution CSN Circuit Switched Network CSOA Chopper-Stabilized Operational Amplifier CSP Chip-Scale Package CSP Chip-Sized Package CSP Cooperative Software Partners ( program ) CSP Customizable Standard Product CSPD Communication-Signal-Path-Design ( methodology ) CSR Capacitor Start and Run ( motor ) CSR Control and Status Register CSS Channel Sequence Simulation CSS Content Scrambling System CSTN Color SuperTwisted Nematic ( LCD ) CSU Channel Service Unit CSV Comma Separated Values CS-ZVS Current-Synchronous Zero-Voltage Switching CT Computer Telephony CT Computed Tomography CT Connecticut CT Cordless Telephone CTA Crack Tolerant Alumina ( ceramic ) CTC Counter/Timer Circuit CTE Coefficient of linear Thermal Expansion CTG sense and Compare Timing Generator CTI Chromatic Technologies Incorporated ( Franklin MA ) CTI Computer Telephony Integration CTIA Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association CTL Complementary Transistor Logic CTM Configurable Timer Module CTM Cordless Terminal Mobility ( DECT ) CTO Chief Technical Officer CTR Common Technical Regulation CTR Current Transfer Ratio CTR Current Transformer Ratio CTRON Commercial TRON CTS Clear To Send CTS Component Transaction Server CTSD Continuous Time Sigma Delta ( AD Converter ) CTU Caribbean Telecomunication Union Cu Cuprum [ Kupfer ] CUT Component Under Thermostasis CV Centrafour Vertical CVBS Composite Video Blanking Signal CVC Common Vision Concept CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition CVE Co-Verification Environment ( Mentor Graphics ) CVI Complete Vertical Integration CVRT Cell Variation Recognition Technology CVSD Continuous-Variable-Slope Delta ( modulation ) CVT Current Value Table CW Continuous Wave CWT Center Wing fuel Tank d deci ( 10^-1 ) DA Destination Address DA Digital Audio D/A Digital-to-Analog DAA Data Access Adapter [ a telephone line interface ] DAA Data Access Arrangement DAA Deutsche Angestellten Akademie ( Hamburg Germany ) DAB Data-Acquisition Board DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting DAC Data Access Console DAC Design Automation Conference DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter DA&C Data Acquisition & Control DAD Dual-Action Device DAG Data-Address Generator DALI Digital Addressable Lighting Interface DAM DECT Authentication Module DAM Digital Answering Machine DAML Digital Added Main Line D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile cellular-Phone Service DAO Data Access Objects DAP Data-Acquisition Processor DAQ Data AcQuisition DARC Deutscher Amateur-Radio-Club ( e.V. http://www.darc.de/ ) DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DAS Data Acquisition System DAS Dual Attach Station ( network ) DASC Design Automation Standardization Committee DASK Digital Amplitude Shift Keying DAT Design Analysis Tool DAT Digital Audio Tape DATAR Délégation à l'Aménagement du Territoire et à l'Action Régionale [ Französische Raumordungsbehörde ] DATE Design, Automation, and Test in Europe [ Europe's annual showcase for electronic system design and test, 2000 Paris ] DAU Data Acquisition Unit DAU Digital-Analog-Umsetzer ( DAC ) DAV DAta Valid ( GPIB ) DAvE Digital Application virtual Engineer ( Infineon Siemens ) DAVIC Digital Audio-VIsual Council DAVID Digital Audio/Video Interactive Decoder dB deciBel dBc deciBels relative to carrier power dBFS deciBels relative to Full Scale dBm deciBels relative to 1 milliwatt DBM Digital Bus Monitor DBMS DataBase Management System DBP Dynamic Bi-directional Power DBPSK Differential Binary Phase-Shift Keying DBS Direct Broadcast by Satellite DBU Display Business Unit ( IBM ) DC Direct Current [ normally means a voltage or current which remains constant ] DC District Columbia DC1 Device Code 1 ( ASCII control code ) DC2 Device Code 2 ( ASCII control code ) DC3 Device Code 3 ( ASCII control code ) DC4 Device Code 4 ( ASCII control code ) DCASP Digitally Controlled Analog-Signal Processing DCB Device Control Block DCB Direct Copper Bonding DCCH Digital Control Channel DCD Data Carrier Detect DCE Data Communications Equipment ( MODEM, peripheral ) DCE Distributed Computing Environment ( OSF ) DCI Display-Control Interface DCM Design Chain Management DCM Discontinuous Conduction Mode ( SMPS ) DCME Digital Circuit Multiplication Equipment DCOM Distributed Component Object Model DCOM Distributed COmputing Model DCR Direct-Conversion Receiver DCRS Distributed Controlling, Regulation and Supervision DCS Delay Calculation System ( OVI ) DCS Digital Cellular System DCS Digitally Coded Squelch DCS Digital Control System DCS Distributed Control System DCS Dynamic Channel Selection DCT Direct Cosine Transform ( MPEG ) DCTL Direct Coupled Transistor Logic DCXO Digital Controlled Xtal (=crystal) Oscillator D&D Drag and Drop DDC Digital Down Converter DDC Direct Digital Control DDC Display Data Channel ( VESA Standard ) DDD Daily Direct Delivery DDE Dynamic Data Exchange ( Windows ) DDFS Direc Digital Frequency Synthesizer DDI Direct Draw Interface DDK Driver Development Kit DDL Device Description Language DDM Device Driver Module DDM Driver Descriptor Map DDN Defense Data Network [ a single, wide area, packet-switching network that integrates the ARPANET research network and the MILNET defense network ] DDP Datagram Delivery Protocol [ an AppleTalk protocol managing socket-to-socket delivery of datagrams over a networking system ] DDP Double Detect and Protect DDP Dynamic Distribution Planner DDR Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR Double Data Rate ( DRAM ) DDRR Directional Discontinuity Ring Radiator DDS Digital Data Service DDS Direct Digital Synthesis DDS Dynamic Deployment Scheduler DDST Data-Driven Self-Timing ( register ) DDTN Domain-Divided Twisted-Nematic ( LCD ) DDVT Dynamic Data Visualization development Tool DDWG Digital Display Working Group DEC Digital Equipment Corporation ( Hudson MA ) DECC Drug Effects Clinical Chemistry DECT Digital European Cordless Telephone ( 1.88-1.90 GHz ) DECT Digitally Enhanced Cordless Telephone DECUS Digital Equipment Computer Users Society DEF Design-Exchange Format DEG Debug Event Generation DEL Delete ( ASCII control code ) DELTIC Delay-Line Time Compression DEM Dynamic Element Matching DEMKO Danmarks Elektriske Materielkontrol DEMUX Demultiplexer DEP Debug Event Processing DEP Department of Environmental Protection DERA Defense and Evaluation Research Agency ( UK government ) DES Data Encryption Standard DESC Defense Electronics Supply Center ( Dayton OH ) DFB Distributed FeedBack ( laser ) DFC Data-Flow Controller DFE Decision Feedback Equalizer DFE Digital Front End DFE Design For the Environment DFF D type Flip-Flop DFG Deutsche ForschungsGemeinschaft DFM Design For Manufacturability DFN Deutsches ForschungsNetz DFPC Digital Frequency-Phase Comparator DFQ Design For Quality DFT Design For Testability DFT Discrete Fourier Transform DFÜ DatenFernÜbertragung DG LILET Double-Gate Lateral-Inversion-Layer Emitter Transistor DGM Data Grade Media DGO Deutsche Gesellschaft für Galvano- und Oberflächentechnik DGPS Differential Global Positioning System DGQ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Qualität ( e.V. Frankfurt Germany ) DGzRS Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Rettung Schiffbrüchiger DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP Dynamic Host-Control Protocol DHHS Department of Health and Human Services DHTML Dynamic HTML DI Dielectric Isolation DIB Device Information Block DIC Differential Interference Contrast ( optical inspection ) DIE Device Information Exchange ( format ) DIHT Deutscher Industrie- und HandelsTag DII Dynamic Invocation Interface DIL Dual-In-Line ( package ) DIMM Dual-in-Line Memory Module DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung / Deutsche Industrie-Norm DIO Data Input Output ( GPIB ) DIP Dual-In-line Package DIS Draft International Standards DIVA Dynamic Interprocessor Voice Allocation DIY Do-It-Yourself DK DezimalKlassifikation DKD Deutscher KalibrierDienst ( PTB ) DL DataLogging DLC Data Link Control ( layer ) DLC Digital Loop Carrier DLCI Data-Link-Connection Identifier DLE Data Link Escape ( ASCII control code ) DLIF Double-Low-IF ( receiver ) DLL Data Link Layer ( network ) DLL Dynamic Link Library ( Windows ) DLP Device-Level Placer DLP Digital Light Processing ( technology ) DLR Direct Labor Rate DLT Digital Linear Tape ( Quantum ) DLVA Detector Logarithmic Video Amplifier DMA Deadline Monotonic Analysis DMA Direct Memory Access DMAG Deutsche Messe AktienGesellschaft ( Hannover Germany ) DMAG Dynamic Micro Architecture Generation DMASS Distributors' and Manufacturers' Association of Semiconductor Specialists DMB Digital Media Broadcast D-MCA Digital MultiChannel Access DMCC Digital Modular Computing Components ( DEC ) DMD Digital Micromirror Device DME DiMethyl Ether DMGH Double Metal Guest Host ( LCD module ) DMI Desktop Management Interface DMM Digital MultiMeter dmmv deutscher multimedia verband ( Germany ) DMOS Double-diffused Metal-Oxide Semiconductor DMS DehnungsMessStreifen DMT Discrete Multi-Tone DMTF Desktop Management Task Force DMU Digital MockUp ( product simulation ) DNA Deutscher NormenAusschuss DNC Direct Numerical Control DNL Differential Non-Linearity DNL Dynamic Noise Limiter DNL Dynamic NonLinearity DNS Domain Name System/Service DNV Det Norske Veritas DO Diode Outline DOC Department Of Commerce DOCSIS Data-Over-Cable-Service Interface Specification DOD Department Of Defence DOE Diffractive Optical Element DOE Department Of Energy DOE Design Of Experiment DOL Department Of Labor DOL Direct-On-Line ( technique ) DOORS Dynamic Object Oriented Requirements System DOP DiOctylPhtalate DOS Disk Operating System DOT Department Of Transportation DPA Distributed Power Architecture DPA Duralink Port Aggregation ( software package ) DPC Deferred-Procedure Call DPDT Double-Pole Double-Throw ( switch ) DPI Dots Per Inch DPLL Digital Phase-Locked Loop DPLM Dual-Ported Local Memory ( architecture ) DPM Defectives per Million DPM Device Partition Map DPM Digital Panel Meter DPM Dual-Port Memory DPMCC Dual PCI Mezzanine Card Carrier DPMS Display Power-Management Signaling ( VESA standard ) DPO Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope ( Tektronix ) DPR Dual-Port RAM DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying DPST Discrete Power & Signal Technologies ( division, Fairchild ) DPST Double-Pole Single-Throw ( switch ) DPWM Digital Pulse-Width Modulation DQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying DQRUMA Distributed-Queueing Request Update Multiple Access DRA Defense Research Agency ( UK ) DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory DRC Design Rule Checking DREAM Design Rule Enforcer And Manager DReAM Distributed Resources Allocation Manager ( Sun ) DREN Defense Research and Engineering Network DRIE Deep Reactive Ion Etching DRO Data Replication Option DRO Dielectric-Resonator Oscillator DRS Design Requirements Sheet DRTO Delayed Return-To-One DRTZ Delayed Return-To-Zero DS Direct Sequence DS-CDMA Direct-Sequence Code-Division Multiple-Access DSC Digital Still Camera DSD Direct-Stream Digital ( recording ) DSF Device Special Function ( SGRAM ) DSF Dispersion Shifted Fiber DSI Distributed Systems Interface DSI Dynamic Skeleton Interface DSL Design Synthesis Language DSL Digital Subscriber Line/Loop DSL Domain-Specific Language DSLA Digital Subscriber Loop Analogue ( modem ) DSLAM Digital-Subscriber-Line-Access Multiplexer DSM Deep SubMicron ( design ) DSM-CC Digital Storage Media - Command and Control DSO Data Source Object ( HTML ) DSO Digital Storage Oscilloscope DSP Digital Signal Processing/Processor DSPF Detailed/Distributed Standard Parasitic Format DSPSE DSP Software Engineering ( Inc. Bedford MA ) DSR Data Set Ready [ an RS-232-C signal from a DCE to a DTE indicating that the DCE has established a connection ] DSS Digital Satellite Service DSS Double-sacrificial Silicon-nitride Sidewall DSSS Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum ( RF transmission ) DSTN Double Super Twisted Nematic ( LCD ) DSU Data Service Unit DSVD Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data ( standard V.70 ) DTAB Demountable Tape-Automated Bonding DTAD Digital Telephone Answering Device DTC Direct Torque Controlled ( drive ) DTCXO Digitally-controlled Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator DTE Data Terminal Equipment [ computer, PC ] DTH Direct-To-Home ( satellite system ) DTI Department of Trade and Industry ( British ) DTL Diode-Transistor Logic DTMF Dual Tone Multiple Frequency DTP Datagrade (unshielded) Twisted Pair DTP Desk Top Publishing DTR Data Terminal Ready [ an RS-232-C signal from a DTE to a DCE indicating a readiness to transmit or receive data ] DTR Dedicated Token Ring DTS Digital Theater Sound DTS Digital Time Scope DTS Display Technology Systems ( St. Paul MN ) DTTB Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting DTV Digital TeleVision DUART Dual Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter DUPS DC Uninterruptible Power Supply DUT Device Under Test DVB Digital Video Broadcast DVB-CAM Digital Video Broadcasting Conditional Access Module DVB CI Digital Video Broadcasting Common Interface DVD Digital Versatile Disk DVD Digital Video Disk DVE Digital Video Encoder DVM Digital Volt-Meter DVR Digital Video Recorder DWA Data-Weighted Averaging DWA DiebstahlWarnAnlage DWARF Debug With Arbitrary Record Format DWDM Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing ( network ) D-WDM Dense Wave Division Multiplexing DWG Development Working Group DWMT Discrete Wavelet Multi-Tone DXC Digital cross(X) Connector Dy Dysprosium e Euler's number 2.71828... [ base of natural logarithm and exponential function ] E Exa [ 10^18 ] E1 European level 1 ( telephony interface 2 Mbit/s ) E3 European level 3 ( telephony interface 34 Mbit/s ) E4 European level 4 ( telephony interface 140 Mbit/s ) EAB Embedded Array Block ( Altera ) EABI Embedded Applications Binary Interface EAL Educational Assistance Ltd. ( Glen Ellyn IL ) EAM Electro-Absorption Modulator EAM Enterprise Asset Management EAN Engineering Application Note EAROM Electrically Alterable Read-Only Memory EAS Electronic Article Surveillance ( system ) EASE Embedded Application Software Enabler EASI Embedded All-in-one System Interface EBCDIC Extended Binary Code Decimal Interchange Code ( IBM ) EBCo Ensign-Bickford Company ( Simsbury CT ) EBCP Ericsson Bluetooth Core Product EBDK Ericsson Bluetooth Developers Kits EBX Embedded Board, eXpandable ( standard ) EC Embedded Controller EC European Community ECB Electronically Controlled Birefringence ( LCD ) ECB Electronic Code Book ECBS European Committee for Banking Standards ECC Error Checking and Correcting ECCA European Cable Communications Association ECCSL Emitter-Coupled Current Steered Logic ECE Electrical and Computer Engineering ( school ) ECG ElectroCardioGram ECHS Extended Cylinder Head Sector ECIX Electronic Component Information eXchange ECK Embedded Components Kit ECL Emitter-Coupled Logic [ unsaturated logic performed by emitter-coupled transistors ] ECLinPS ECL in PicoSeconds ( logic family ) ECMA European Computer Manufacturers Association ECO Electron-Coupled Oscillator ECO Engineering Change Order ECP Extended Capabilities Port ECS Enhanced Cycle Simulation ECS Event Communications Service ECSP Environmentally-considered Chip Scale Package ECTF Enterprise Computer Telephony Forum ECTFT Elevated-Channel TFT ECU Electronic Control Unit ECU Engine Control Unit ECVS Extended Clustered Voltage Scaling ( structure ) EDA Electronic Design Automation EDAC Electronic Design Automation Consortium EDB Economic Development Board ( Singapore ) EDC Error Detection and Correction EDE Embedded Development Environment EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier EDGE Enhanced Data rates over GSM Evolution EDH Error Detection and Handling EDI Electronic Data Interchange EDI Emulator Device Interface EDID Extended Display Identification Data EDIF Electronic Design Interoperability/Interchange Format EDLC Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor EDM Electrical Discharge Machining EDM Electronic Document Management EDM Engineering Data Management EDMS Engineering Data Management System EDO Extended Data Out EDR Enhanced Data Rate EDT Ethylene Diamine Tartrate ED&TC European Design & Test Conference EDV Elektronische DatenVerarbeitung EDVA Elektronische DatenVerarbeitungsAnlage EDVS Electronic Design Validation System EDX Energy-Dispersive X-ray E²PROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory EE Electronic Engineer EEA European Economic Area EEC European Economic Community EECA European Electronic Component manufacturers Association EEG ElektroEnzephaloGrafie EEM Electronic Engineers Master ( catalog ) EEMBC EDN Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium EEPLD Electrically Erasable PLD EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory EER Envelope Elimination and Restoration ( scheme ) EERI Engineering Expertise Reuse Information EEST Enhanced Ethernet Serial Transceiver ( MC68160 ) EET Electronics Engineering Technology EFB Europäische Forschungsgesellschaft für Blechverarbeitung EFI External Features Interface EFI External Frequency Input EFIP European Federation of Interconnection and Packaging EFM Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation EFP Exponential Floating-point Processing EFQM European Foundation for Quality Management EFR Enhanced Full Rate ( vocoder ) EFT Electrical Fast Transient EF&T Environmental Fate and Transport ( of explosive signature molecules ) EFTA European Free Trade Association EGA Enhanced Graphics Adaptor EGB Elektrostatisch Gefährdete Bauelemente EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol E-GSM Extended Global System for Mobile communication EHCI Enhanced Host-Controller Interface EHF Extremely High Frequency ( 30-300GHz ) EHPI Enhanced Host-Port Interface EHSA European Home Systems Association EHT Extremely High Tension EIA Electronics Industry Alliance EIA Electronic Industries Association EIAJ Electronic Industries Association of Japan EID Electronic Information Display EID Embedded Internet Device EIF Electronics Industries Forum EIF Electronic Industries Foundation ( EIA ) EIOS Extended Input/Output System EIR Equipment Identity Register ( GSM ) EIRP Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power EIS Executive Information System EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture EITO European Information Technology Observatory ( Frankfurt, Germany ) EIU Economist Intelligence Unit EKG ElektroKardioGrafie EKI Electronic Keyboards Inc. ( Linden VA ) EL ElectroLuminescence ELD ElectroLuminescent Display ELDEC European LSI Design and Engineering Center ELDL Emergency Lighting Design Lumens ELF Executable and Linkable Format ELIC Extended Line Card Controller ELM Electrical Link Module EM ElectroMechanical EM End of Medium ( ASCII control code ) EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility EMC ElectroMagnetic Compliance EMCTLA ElectroMagnetic Compatibility Test Labs Association EMD Electronic Measurements Division ( HP, Loveland CO ) EMD Engineering, Manufacturing, and Development EMEA Europe, the Middle East and Africa EM/EDA ElectroMechanical/Electronic Design Automation EMF ElectroMagnetic Field EMF ElectroMotive Force EMG ElectroMyoGram EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference [ caused by current or voltage induced into a signal conductor by an EMF ] EMIF External Memory Interface EMIT Embedded Micro-Interface Technology EMK ElektoMotorische Kraft EMMI EMission MIcroscopy EMP ElectroMagnetic Pulse EMR ElectroMechanical Relay EMS Equipment Management Service EMS Expanded Memory Specification ( DOS ) EMSS ElectroMechanical System Simulator EMTP ElectroMagnetic Transient Program ( circuit simulator ) EMU Electrical Multiple Unit EMV ElektroMagnetische Verträglichkeit EMVG EMV-Gesetz EN European Norm ENBW Equivalent Noise BandWidth ENDEC Encoder-Decoder ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer ( 1946 ) ENOB Effective Number Of Bits ( ADC ) ENQ ENQuiry ( ASCII control code ) ENSI Equivalent Noise-Sideband Input EO Electro-Optical ( material ) EOC Embedded Operations Channel EOC End Of Carrier EOD End Of Data EOF End Of File EOF End Of Frame EOI End Or Identify EOLM End Of Line Monitor EOMS Engineering Object Management System EOS Electrical OverStress EOT End Of Tape EOT End Of Transmission ( ASCII control code ) EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPA Event Processor Array EPAC Electrically Programmable Analog Circuit EPAC Electronic Packaging and Assembly Concept EPIC Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing EPIC Extended PCM Interface Controller E-PAC Electronic Packaging Assembly Concept EPD Enhanced Punch-through Diode EPG Electronic Program Guide ( TV ) E-pHEMT Enhancement-mode pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistor EPIC Electric Power Innerurban Commuter EPIC Enhanced Performance Ion-implanted CMOS ( process ) EPIC Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing EPICS European Production Information and Control System EPID ElectroPhoretic Image Display EPL Electron Projection Lithography EPP Enhanced Parallel Port EPP Expanded PolyPropylene EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory EPSMA European Power Supply Manufacturers Association EPSS Electronic Performance Support System [ context-sensitive help system ] EQA European Quality Award EQM Event Qualification Module Er Erbium ER Earth Recall EREM Energy Resolved Emission Microscopy ERM Enterprise Resource Management ERMES European Radio-MEssage System ERP Effective Radiated Power ERP Enterprise Resource Planning ERP Event-Related Potential [ neural patterns intended to be used to control prosthetic limbs ] ERS Emissions Reference Source ( EMC ) ERSO Electronics Research & Service Organisation ( Taiwan ) Er:YAG Erbium:Yttrium Aluminum Garnet ( Laser optical element ) ESA Embedded Server Architecture ESA European Space Agency ESBU Embedded Systems Business Unit ( IBM ) ESC ElectroStatic Chuck ESC Embedded Systems Conference ESC Engineering Solution Center ( IAO ) ESC ESCape ( ASCII control code ) ESCD Extended System Configuration Data ESD Electronic Software Distribution ESD ElectroStatic Discharge ESDA Electronic Systems Design Automation ESDI Enhanced Small Drive/Device Interface ESDS ElectroStatic Discharge Sensitive ESER EinheitsSystem der Elektronischen Rechentechnik ( des RGW ) ESF Extended Super Frame ESG EinscheibenSicherheitsGlas ESH Equivalent Sunshine Hours ESL Electronic System Level ESL Equivalent Series L(inductance) ESOFTA Embedded Software Association ESP Embedded System Products ESR Electron Spin Resonance ESR Equivalent Series Resistance ESR Even Service Routine ESRO European Space Research Organisation ESS Environmental Stress Screening ESSA Environmental Survey SAtellite ESSCIRC European Solid State CIRcuits Conference ESSDERC European Solid-State DEvice Research Conference ESSI Extended Synchronous Serial Interface ESTP Einheitliches System der Toleranzen und Passungen ( des RGW ) ESU ElektroSchlackeUmschmelzverfahren ET Exchange Termination ETA Electronic Travel Aid ETAP Extended Test Access Port ETB End of Transmission Block ( ASCII control code ) eTBC embedded Test Bus Controller ( SN74LVT8980 ) ETC Electronic Toll Collection ETF Equalized Transfer Function ETI Embed The Internet ( consortium ) ETL Enhanced Transceiver Logic ETN Enhanced Twisted Nematic ( LCD ) ETOX EPROM Tunnel Oxide ETQFP Enhanced Thin Quad Flat Pack ETRI Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute ( Taejon Korea ) ETS Embedded Tool Suite ETS Equivalent Time Sampling ETS European Telecommunications Standard ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETU Emulation and Test Unit ETX End of TeXt ( ASCII control code ) Eu Europium EU European Union EUH Erase Unit Header EUROS Enhanced Universal Real-time Operationg System EUT Equipment Under Test EUV Extreme UltraViolet [ optical lithography technology ] EUV (LLC) Extreme UltraViolet Limited Liability Company ( San Jose CA ) eV electron Volt EV Electric Vehicle EVA Extended Viewing Angle ( technology LCD ) EVA Extreme Value Analysis EVBIT [ Öffentliche Vergabeordnung für Softwareaufträge ] EVC Enhanced Video Connector EVF Embedded Vector Format EVM Embedded Virtual Machine EVM Error-Vector Magnitude EVM Evaluation Module EVU EnergieVersorgungsUnternehmen EWCAP Electrical Wiring Component Applications Partnership EZB Europäische ZentralBank f femto ( 10^-15 ) F Farad ( capacitance, 1 F = 1 C / V ) FAA Federal Aviation Administration FACT Fairchild Advanced CMOS Technology FACT Federation Automatic Coding Technologies FAE Field Application Engineer FAIS Factory Automation Interface Specification FALC Frame and Line Interface Component FAMOS Fast Analysis and Monitoring Of Signals FAPS FertigungsAutomatisierung und ProduktionsSystematik ( Lehrstuhl FAPS, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany ) FAQ Frequently Asked Questions FASIC Function- and Algorithm-Specific Integrated Circuit FASL Fujitsu AMD Semiconductor Ltd. ( Fab Japan ) FAST Fairchild Advanced Schottky Technology FAST Flexible Accelerated Stress Test FAT File Allocation Table FAT-ID Frequency-Amplitude Time Impedance and Dimension ( EMI ) FAX Facsimile FB Frame Buffer FBGA Fine-Pitch Ball Grid Array FBS FunktionBausteinSprache ( SPS ) FBSOA Forward Biased Safe Operating Area ( transistor parameters ) FC Fibre Channel FC Frame Control FCAL Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop FCB File Control Block FCB Frequency Coordinating Board FCC Federal Communications Commission ( Washington DC ) FCDL Folded Cascoded Differential Logic FC-EL Fibre Channel Enhanced Loop FCI Framatome Connectors International ( France ) FCL FET Coupled Logic FCL Fibre Channel Loop FCLC Fibre Channel Loop Community FC-LE Fibre Channel Link Encapsulation FCM Fast Component Mounter ( Philips Bestückungsautomat ) FCP Function Control Protocol FCRAM Fast Cycle RAM FCS Frame Check Sequence FCSI Fibre Channel Systems Initiative FC-SL Fibre Channel Slotted Loop FCT Fast CMOS Technology FDA Food and Drug Administration FDB Filtered DataBase FDC Floppy Disk Controller FDD Frequency Division Duplex FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDR Fuzzy Decision Desk Relation FDI Flash Data Integrator FDIS Final Draft International Standard [ international fieldbus standard IEC 61158 ] FDL Folded Differential Logic FDM Fused Deposition Modelling FDMA Frequency-Division Multiple-Access FDNR Frequency-Dependent Negative Resistor FDR Final Design Review FDTD Finite Difference Time Domain ( solver ) FDX Full Duplex Fe Ferrum [ Eisen ] FEA Field-Emitter Array ( display ) FEA Finite Element Analysis FEC Forward Error Correction FED Fachverband Elektronik-Design ( e.V. Berlin Germany ) FED Field-Emission Display FEE Fédération des Experts comptables Européens FEFI Far-End Fault-Indication FEI Federation of the Electronics Industry ( UK ) FEM Finite Element Method F-ES Fixed-End System FET Field-Effect Transistor FEXT Far-End X(cross) Talk FF Fieldbus Foundation FF Flip-Flop FF Form Feed ( ASCII control code ) FFE Feed Forward Equalizer FFM Full Functional Model FFSK Four-level Frequency-Shift Keying FFT Fast Fourier Transform FGC Fast-Gas Chromatography FH Frequency Hopping FhG Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft FHSS Frequency-Hopping Spread-Spectrum ( RF transmission ) FWHM Full-Width Half Maximum [ the width of a pulse at 50% amplitude used to measure the duration of a signal ] FI Finnland, Sähkötarkastuslaitos ( Prüfzeichen ) FIB Focused Ion Beam FIB/SEM Focused Ion Beam/Scanning Electron Microscope FIC Fast Information Channel ( generator ) FIFO First-In/First-Out ( memory ) FIPS Federal Information Processing Standards FIPSOC Field-Programmable System On a Chip FIR Finite duration Impulse Response FIR Finite Impulse Response ( filter ) FIRE Fully Integrated RISC Emulator FIT Failure In Time FITL Fiber In The Loop FL Florida FLC Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal ( technology ) FLC Fire Lighter Circuit FLC Full Load Current FLEX Fast Language for Execution FLIM Fluorescence Lifetime IMaging FLOPS FLOating-Point operations per Second FLT Full Load Torque FM Fault Management ( ATM ) FM Flash Manager FM Frequency Modulation FMCW Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave ( RADAR ) FMEA Failure Mode and Effect Analysis FMI Fluorescent Microthermal Imaging FMM Flash Media Manager FMUP Flash Memory Update Program FMVG Front Mounted Valve Gate FN Fowler-Nordheim ( tunneling ) FNC Federal Network Council FNT Förderkreis Neue Technologien ( München Germany ) FO Fiber Optic FOB Fiber Outlet Box FOC Field Oriented Control FOE Focus Of Expansion FOIRL Fibre Optic Inter-Repeater Link FORTRAN FORmula TRANSlator ( programming language ) FOSI Free-Space Optical Interconnect FOUP Front Opening Unified Pod FP Fabry-Perrot ( LASER ) FP Fixed Part ( DECT basestation ) FP Flat Package FPAA Field Programmable Analog Array FPAD Field-Programmable Analog Device FPC Ferrite Polymer Composite FPC Flexible Printed Circuit FPCB Field Programmable Circuit Board FPD Field-Programmable Device FPD Flat Panel Display FPDI Flat Panel Display Interface FPDM Flat Panel Display Measurements ( VESA ) FPDP Front-Panel Data Port FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array FPI Field Programmable Instrument FPI Flexible Peripheral Interconnect ( bus ) FPIC Field Programmable Interconnect Component ( Aptix ) FPID Field Programmable Interconnect Device FPL Functional Protocol Language FPLA Field Programmable Logic Array FPLMTS Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System FPM Fast Page Mode FPM Flat Protected-Mode FPMSD Field-Programmable Mixed-Signal Device FPN Fine Print Note FPN Fixed-Pattern Noise FPN Floating-Point Number FPP Finite Position Potentiometer fps frames per second ( video ) FPSC Field Programmable Standard Cells ( Lucent ) FPSC Field Programmable System Chip ( Lucent ) FPSCR Floating-Point Status and Control Register FPSLIC Field Programmable System Level Integrated Circuit ( Atmel ) FPU Floating-Point Unit FQD Full-Quadrature Decoding FQDN Fully Qualified Domain Name ( TCP/IP, DNS ) FRAD Frame Relay Access Device FRAM Ferroelectric RAM FRB Federal Reserve Board FRC Frame Rate Control ( LCD ) FRED Fast Recovery Epitaxial Diode FRF Frequency-Response Function FRL Filter, Regulator & Lubricator FS File Separator ( ASCII control code ) FS Full Scale FSAN Full Service Access Network FSB Front-Side Bus FSB Functional System Block ( ASIC ) FSD File System Driver FSIS Food Safety Inspection Service FSK Frequency-Shift Keying FSM Finite State Machine FSO Full Scale Output FSR Full Scale Range ( ADC ) FSR Full Scale Reading FSRAM Fast Static Random Access Memory FSS Fixed Satellite Service ( DBS ) FST Flat Square Tube FSTN Film SuperTwist Nematic [ a type of LCD ] FSTN Foil-compensated Super Twisted Nematic ( LCD ) F-STN Film-SuperTwist Nematic ( LCD ) FSW Friction Stir Welding FTA Fault Tree Analysis FTC Federal Trade Commission FTG Force stimulus Timing Generator FTL File-Transfer Language FTL Flash Translation Layer FTO Fault Tolerant Option FTP File Transfer Protocol FTS Fahrerloses TransportSystem FTTB Fibre-To-The-Building FTTC Fibre-To-The-Curb FTTCab Fibre-To-The-Cabinet FTTH Fiber To The Home FTZ FernmeldeTechnisches Zentralamt FUBAR Fucked Up Beyond All Recognition ( net slang ) FUNI Frame-based User-to-Network Interface FUP FUnktionsPlan ( SPS ) FVC Frequency-to-Voltage Converter FW FriktionsWickelwelle FWIW For What It's Worth ( net slang ) FYI For Your Information ( net slang ) FZP Fast Zero Power ( design technique ) g gramm ( mass ) G Giga ( 10^9 ) Ga Gallium GA Georgia GaAs Gallium Arsenide GAE GesamtAnlagenEffektivität GAIM GSM Analog Interfacing Module GAL Generic Array Logic ( PLD ) GaN Gallium Nitride GAO General Accounting Office GAP Generic Access Profile ( DECT ) GATE Gestão Administrativa Total de Empresas GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GBBC GSM BaseBand Codec GBIC GigaBit Interface Card GBIC GigaBit Interface Converter GBL Grace Bio-Labs ( Bend OR ) GBS Global Broadcast System GBW Gain-BandWidth ( product ) GCA Gain-Controlled Amplifier GCB Global Configuration Block GCCB Geographical Change Control Board GCI General Circuit Interface GCMOS Graded-Complementary MOS GCSR Grammar Controlled Speech Recognition System GCT Gate-Controlled Thyristor Gd Gadolinium GDB GNU source-level DeBugger GDI Generic Device Interface ( ASAM ) GDI Graphics-Driven Interface GDR German Democratic Republic ( DDR ) GDSII Graphic Design System II GDX Generic Digital Crosspoint ( switch ) Ge Germanium GE Gigabit Ethernet GEA Gigabit Ethernet Alliance GEIS General Electric Information Systems GEM Generic Equipment Model GEMAC GEsellschaft für Mikroelektronik-Anwendung Chemnitz GEPDIS Global Embedded Processor Debug Interface Standard GET Group Execute Trigger ( GPIB ) GFC Generic Flow Control ( ATM ) GFCI Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter GFIN Gesellschaft Für INstandhaltung ( München Germany ) GFK GlasFaserverstärkter Kunststoff GfK Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung ( Nürnberg Germany ) GFM Graphics File Manager GfN Gesellschaft für Netzwerktraining ( AG Reutlingen Germany ) GfS Gesellschaft für Standardisierung ( DDR ) GfS Gesellschaft für Strukturanalyse ( Aachen Germany ) GFSK Gaussian-filtered Frequency-Shift Keying GFT Gemeinschaft FernmeldeTechnik [ Unternehmensverbund mittelständischer Telekom-Systemhäuser ] GKW GüterKraftWagen GGG Gadolinium Gallium Garnet GGS GüteGemeinschaft Software ( e.V. Germany ) GGSE Gravity Gradient Stabilization Experiment GIC Generalized Impedance Converter GIF Graphic Image File GIMEI Geometry Independent Measured Equation of Invariance GIMS Global Inventory Management System GIOP General Inter-ORB Protocol GIPS Giga Instructions Per Second GIS GeoInformationsSysteme GIT GasInnendruckTechnik GL Germanischer Lloyd GLEAM Genetic Learning Algorithm and Method GLL GlimmLeuchtstoffLampe GLM Gigabit Link Module GLONASS GLObal NAvigation by Satellite System ( GPS system ) GLPNP Gate-defined Lateral PNP ( transistor ) GLT GebäudeLeitTechnik GLU General Logic Unit [ a class of custom integrated circuits used as interfaces between different parts of the computer ] GLV Grating Light Valve ( technology ) GMAC Gigabit Media Access Controller GMII Gigabit Media Independent Interface GMM Graphical MultiMeter ( Fluke ) GMPCS Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite GMR Giant Magneto-Resistive ( head, sensor ) GMSK Gaussian-filtered Minimum-Shift Keying ( modulation ) GMT Greenwich Mean Time GND GrouND GNOME GNU Network Object Modeling Environment GNU GNU's Not Unix GOC-NAND Gate-Offset Cell NAND [ flash memory storage cell ] GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite GOLD GSM One-chip Logic Device GOLD-SP GOLD Signal Processor GO-MVIP Global Organisation of MVIP GOMSFE Generic Object Models for Substation and Feeder Equipment ( UCA ) GOP Group Of Pictures GOPS Giga-Operations Per Second GPC Graphics Performance Characterization ( group SPEC ) GPC Graphic Programming Console GPF General Protection Fault GPi General Purpose input [ a pin that receives whatever clock signal frequency an external peripheral device sends to it, allowing the external device to control the timing and the rate of information in and out of the serial port, rather than the rate being controlled by the computer ] GPIB General Purpose Interface Bus GPIO General Purpose Input-Output GPL Graphical Programming Language GPR General Purpose Register GPRS General Packet Radio Service ( GSM ) GPS Global Positioning System/Satellite GPSR Global Positioning System Receiver GRM General Routing Matrix GRP Global Routing Pool GS Geprüfte Sicherheit GS Group Separator ( ASCII control code ) GSC Gray Scale Controller GSI GigaScale Integration GSM Global System for Mobile communications GSM Groupe Speciale Mobile ( digital mobile telephones ) GSMP General Switch and Management Protocol GSM-R Global System for Mobile communication - Rail GSM-USSD GSM Unstructured Supplementary Service Data GSN Global Subscriber Number GS'X Global Semiconductor eXchange GTAC Global Telecommunications Action Committee GTG Geared Turbine Grinder GTL Go To Local ( GPIB ) GTL Gunning Transceiver Logic GTO Gate Turn-Off ( SCR ) GTO Global Track Optimization ( technique ) GTR Getriebe-Turbo-Radialschleifer GTRI Georgia Tech Research Institute ( Atlanta GA ) GTS Global Tri-State GUI Graphical User Interface GUID Global Unique IDentifier GUIDE Graphical User Interface Development Environment GWE Global Write Enabled GWM Graphical Workspace Manager H Henry ( inductance, 1 H = 1 Wb / A ) H High ( level ) H Hydrogenium [ Wasserstoff ] HAD Hole Accumulating Diode HAI Hardware Accelerator Interface HAL Hardware-Abstraction Layer HAL Hot-Air Levelling HALT Highly-Accelerated Life Testing HAP High-Altitude Platform [ aeroplane, helicopter or airship operating in the stratosphere at an altitude of about 21km ] HARM High-Aspect-Ratio MEMS HART Highway Addressable Remote Transducer HASS Highly-Accelerated Stress Screening HATP High-Availability Transaction Processing HAZOPS HAZard and OPerability Study HB Harmonic Balance ( simulation ) HBC High Breaking Capacity ( fuse ) HBCI Home Banking Computer Interface HBM Human Body Model ( ESD ) HBT Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor [ SiGe and InGaAs/GaAs transistors ] HC High-speed CMOS HCA High Contrast Addressing ( LCD ) HCF HART Communication Foundation HCFC HydroChloroFluoroCarbon HCFT Hot-Cathode Fluorescent Tube HCI Hot-Carrier Induced ( degradation ) HCMOS High-Density Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor HCMOS High-Speed Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor HCPLD High-Capacity Programmable Logic Device HCR High Contrast Reflection ( display ) HD Harmonizing Document ( EN ) HD High Density HDCD High Definition Compatible Digital HD-CIF High Definition Common Image Format ( 1080 by 1920 matrix HDTV ) HDD Hard Disk Drive HDE Humanitarian Device Exemption HDI High-Density Interconnect HDL Hardware Description Language HDLC High-level Data Link Control HDM Hardware Device Module HD-PQFP High-Density Plastic Quad Flatpack HDSL High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Loop HDSS Holographic Data Storage System HDT Hard Disk Toolkit HDTV High-Definition TeleVision HDVT Hybrid Dual-Threshold-Voltage ( circuit ) He Helium HE HöhenEinheit ( 44.45 mm, 19'' System ) HEAO High Energy Astronomical Observatory HEC Header Error Control ( ATM ) HEE Hyundai Electronics Europe ( Ltd. Halbreath Scotland UK ) HEI High-Energy Implantation HEL Human Engineering Lab ( Boston MA ) HEMT High Electron Mobility Transistor HEOS Highly Elliptic Orbit Satellite HER High-Efficiency Red ( LED ) HEV Hybrid Electric Vehicle HEX Hexadecimal HEXIS Heat EXchange Integrated Stack ( fuel cells, Sulzer Innotek, Winterthur Switzerland ) Hf Hafnium HF High Frequency ( HochFrequenz ) HFC Hybrid Fiber/Coax ( technology ) HFC HydroFluoroCarbon HFET Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistor HFS Hierarchical File System ( of Apple computers ) HFSS High-Frequency Structure Simulator ( Agilent ) Hg Quecksilber HGED High-Gain Emissive Display HGÜ HochspannungsGleichstromÜbertragung HHI Heinrich-Hertz-Institut ( Berlin Germany ) HHP Hand-Held Programmer HHP HochleistungsHeizPatrone HDVT Hybrid Hierarchical Reduced-Swing Logic HHT Hand-Held Terminal HIC Heterogenous InterConnect HID Human Input Device HID Human Interface Device HIL Hardware-In-the-Loop ( simulation ) HIMA Health Industry Manufacturers Association HIP Heiß-Isostatische Preßbehandlung HIPPI HIgh-Performance Parallel Interface HKTDC HongKong Trade Development Council HLC Hybrid Layer Capacitor HLD High Level Design HLDA High Level Design Automation HLL High Level Language HLL High Level Logic HLR Home Location Register ( GSM ) HLRS HochLeistungsRechenzentrum Stuttgart ( Germany ) HM Hard-Metric ( connector ) HMD Head-Mounted Device HMI Hahn-Meitner-Institut [ Berliner Forschungszentrum ] HMI Human-Machine Interface HMM Hidden Markov Model HMTI Hana Microdisplay Technologies Inc. ( Twinsburg OH ) HNIL High Noise Immunity Logic Ho Holmium HOIE Holographic Optical Interconnect Element HOL Head-Of-Line ( blocking, Ethernet ) HP Hewlett-Packard ( Co. Cupertino CA ) HPA High-Performance Addressing ( LCD ) HPC Handheld Personal Computer HPC High-Performance Computing HPCF Hard Polymer Clad Fiber HPFS High-Performance File System ( OS/2 ) HPGL Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language HPO High-Performance Option HPS High-Performance Schnecke ( Krauss-Maffei AG München Germany ) HPSC High-Performance Scalable Computer HRC High Rupturing Capacity ( fuse ) HRMS High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry HRTF Head-Related Transfer Function HR-TFT High Reflective Thin Film Transistor ( LCD ) HQ High Quality HSCSD High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data ( GSM ) HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access HSE Health and Safety Executive HSE High Speed Ethernet HSIO High Speed Input/Output HSIP Hsinchu Science-based Industrial Park ( Taiwan ) HSL Hue, Saturation, Luminescence ( color scheme ) HSM Hierarchical Storage Management HSP Host Signal Processing HSPA High Speed Packet Access HSSDC High-Speed Serial Data Connector HSTR High-Speed Token Ring HSTL High-Speed Transceiver Logic HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access HT Horizontal Tabulator ( ASCII control code ) HTCC High-Temperature Cofired Ceramic HTH Hope This Helps ( net slang ) HTML HyperText Markup Language HTTP HyperText Transport/Transfer Protocol HUD Heads-Up Display HUM Hold-Up Module HUT Helsinki University of Technology ( Finland ) HV High Voltage HVAC Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning HVD High-Voltage Differential HVIC High-Voltage Integrated Circuit HVL Hardware Verification Language HW HardWare HW/SW HardWare/SoftWare ( interface ) HWL KolzWolleLeichtbauplatte Hz Hertz ( Frequenz, 1 Hz = 1 / s ) I In-phase ( signal ) I²C Inter-Integrated Circuit ( bus ) I²L Integrated Injection Logic I²O Intelligent I/O ( architecture ) IA Iowa IAC InterApplication Communication ( protocol ) IAF Institut für Angewandte Festkörperphysik ( Fraunhofer IAF, Freiburg Germany ) IAF International Astronautical Federation IAFE Integrated Analog Front End IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( http://www.iana.org ) IAO Institut für Arbeitswitschaft und Organisation ( Fraunhofer IAO, Stuttgart Germany ) IAONA Industrial Automation Open Networking Alliance IAP Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung ( Fraunhofer IAP, Berlin Germany ) IAP Internet-Access Provider IAP Intranet Application Platform IAPP Inter-Access Point Protocol IARU International Amateur Radio Union IAT Institut Arbeit und Technik ( Gelsenkirchen Germany ) IAT Internet Appliance Toolkit IBAN International Bank Account Number IBIS Input output Buffer Information Specification IBIS Integriertes BordInformationsSystem IBM International Business Machines ( corporation ) IBP International Buyer Program IBR Initialization Boot Record IBTA Infini-Band Trade Association IC Integrated Circuit [ self-contained, multiple-element circuit such as a monolithic or hybrid ] ICAS Intermittent Commercial and Amateur Service ICASSP International Conference on Acoustics, Speech & Signal Processing ICC Integrated Circuit Card ICC International Conference Center ( Berlin Germany ) ICC International Conference on Communications ICCAD International Conference on Computer Aided Design ICCD International Conference on Computer Design ICCE International Conference on Consumer Electronics ICDA Integrated Circuit Design Automation ICE In-Circuit Emulator ICE Information, Communications and Entertainment ICECS International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems ICEP Investimentos, Comércio e Turismo de Portugal ICER Industry Council for Electronics equipment Recycling ICES Interference-Causing Equipment Standard ICF International Cryptographic Framework ICIP International Conference on Image Processing ICM InComing Message ICM Inverted Coaxial Magnetron ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol ICNN International Conference on Neural Networks ICP In-Circuit Programmer ICPADM International Conference on Properties & Applications of Dielectric Materials I&CPS Industrial & Commercial Power Systems ( Technical Conference ) IC PTAB Industry Council Project Technical Advisory Board ICR In-Circuit Reconfiguration ICSC International Conference on Satellite Communications ICSP In-Ciruit Serial Programming ICSPAT International Conference on Signal Processing Applications and Technology ICT In-Circuit Test ICT Information and Communication Technologies ICU Interrupt Control Unit ICUPC International Conference on Universal Personal Communications ICX Inter-Cartridge eXchange ( Oracle ) ID Identification IDAPI Integrated Database Application Programming Interface IDB Integrated Debug Block IDB Inter-american Development Bank IDC Insulation Displacement Connector IDC InterDigitated Capacitor IDC Internet Database Connector IDCT Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform IDE Integrated Development Environment IDE Integrated Drive Electronics IDEA International Data Encryption Algorithm IDEN Integrated Dispatch-Enhanced Network IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform IDIS International Dismantling Information System IDL Interchip Digital Link IDL Interface Description Language IDLH Immediated Dangerous to Life and Health IDO Intelligent Design Optimization IDS Integrated Development System IDT Integrated Device Technology ( Inc. Santa Clara CA ) IDTV Integrated Digital TV IEB Institute of Electronic Business ( Berlin, Germany ) IEC International Electrotechnical Committee/Commission IEDM International Electron Devices Meeting IEE Institution of Electric Engineers ( UK ) IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers ( San Jose CA ) IEEE/CAS Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers/Circuits and Systems Safety IEEE 1394 [ Firewire, serial bus ] IEM Intelligent Energy Manager IES Institute of Environmental Sciences ( Mount Prospect IL ) IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IF Intermediate Frequency IFA Internationale FunkAusstellung ( Berlin, Germany ) IFAC International Federation of Automation Control IfAG Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie IFC InterFace Clear ( GPIB ) IFD Idea For Design ( Electronic Design, Hasbrouck Heights NJ ) IFDDI Integrated Fiber Distributed Data Interface ( MC68840 ) IFF Identify Friend or Foe ( system ) IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform IFR In-Frame Response IFS Inter Frame Spacing/Separation IFS International Freephone Service IFSF International Forecourt Standards Forum IFT Institut für FestkörperTechnologie ( Fraunhofer IFT München Germany ) IG Icon Generator IGARSS International Geoscience And Remote Sensing Symposium IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor IGEP Indian-GErman Promotion ( project ) IGFET Insulated Gate Field-Effect Transistor IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol IGSF Infinite-Gain Single-Feedback ( filter ) IHP Institut für HalbleiterPhysik IHV Independent Hardware Vendor IID Interaural Intensity Difference IIOP Internet Interoperable ORB Protocol IIOP Internet InterOperability Protocol IIP Input-Intercept Point IIP2 2nd(second)-order Input-Intercept Point IIP3 3rd(third)-order Input-Intercept Point IIR Infinite Impulse Response ( filter ) IIS Internet Information Server IIS Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen ( Fraunhofer IIS Erlangen Germany ) IISP Information Infrastructure Standards Panel ( ANSI ) IL Illinois ILMC Integrated Laser-Modulator Coupling ILP Instruction Level Parallelism ILS InstrumentenLandeSystem ILT Institut für Lasertechnik ( Aachen Germany ) IM InterModulation IM2 2nd(second)-order InterModulation IMA Inverse Multiplexing ATM IMBE Improved MultiBand Excited IMC Intermetallic Compound IMC Internet Mail Connector IMD In Mold Decoration IMD Insert-Mounted Device IMD InterModulation Distortion IMF Intermediate File Format IMHO In My Humble Opinion ( net slang ) IMI International Microcircuits Inc. ( Milpitas CA ) IML Institut für Materialfluss und Logistik ( Fraunhofer IML Dortmund Germany ) IMO International Maritime Organization IMod Interferometric Modulator IMPATT Impact Avalanche and Transit Time ( diode ) IMQ Instituto Italiano del Marchio di Qualita IMS Instruction Model Subsystem IMS Institut für Mikroelektronik Stuttgart ( Germany ) IMS Insulated Metal Substrate IMS Ion Mobility Spectrometry IMTC International Multimedia Teleconferencing Consortium IMTS Improved Mobile Telephone Service In Indium IN Indiana INCITS InterNational Committee on Information Technology Standards InGaN Indium Gallium Nitride INIRC International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee INL Integral NonLinearity INMARSAT INternational MARitime SATellite [ mobile communications consortium ] INNS International Neural Network Society ( Berkeley CA ) iNT intelligent Network Terminal INT Integrated Network Terminator INTELSAT INternational TELecommunications SATellite [ mobile communications consortium ] InterNIC Internet Network Information Center ( http://internic.net ) I/O Input/Output IOCTL Input/Output ConTroL [ command enables a program to communicate directly with a device driver ] IOF Institut für angewandte Optik und Feinmechanik [ Fraunhofer IOF Jena Germany ] IOG Inverter-Operations-Good ( signal ) IOM ISDN Oriented Modular ( interface ) IOP I/O Platform IP Intellectual Property IP Internet Protocol IPAC ISDN PC Adapter Circuit IPA Integrated Power Amplifier IPA IsoPropyl Alcohol IPC Integrated Passive Components IPC InterProcess Communication IPCI IndustrialPCI IPCP Internet Protocol Control Protocol [ Responsible for configuring, enabling, and disabling the IP protocol modules on both ends of the point-to-point (PPP) link ] IPD Insulating layer of Polycrystalline Dielectric IPD Integrated Passive Device IPD International Power Devices ( Inc. Boston MA ) IPI Intelligent Peripheral Interface IPI International Payment Instruction IPL Ion-beam Projection Lithography IPM Intelligent Power Module IPM Intel Power Monitor IPMA In-Package Micro-Aligner ( MEMS ) IPMC Industrial Process Measurement and Control IPMI Intelligent Peripheral Management Interface ( bus ) IPMS Institut für Photonische MicroSysteme ( Fraunhofer IPMS Dresden Germany ) IPng Internet Protocol next generation IPO Initial Public Offering IPO In-Place Optimization IPPS Integrated Power Protection System IPS In-Plane Switching ( technology TFT-LCD ) IPT Integrated Power Transmission IPT Intelligent Positioning Tool IR InfraRed [ InfraRot, Spektralbereich elektromagnetischer Wellen mit Wellenlängen zwischen 770 nm und 1,0 mm ] IR Infrared Radiation IR Instruction Register IR Interational Rectifier ( Corp. El Segundo CA ) IRA Individual Retirement Account IRAM Internal RAM ( µC ) IRC Internet Relay Chat [ A protocol that enables two or more people, each in remote locations, who are connected to an IRC server to hold real-time conversations ] IrDA Infrared Data Association IRF Impulse Response Function IRL Internet Reconfigurable Logic IrLAP Infrared Link Access Protocol IrLMP Infrared Link Management Protocol IRQ Interrupt ReQuest IRR Ionising Radiations Regulations IRS Image Resampling Sequencer IRS Internal Revenue Service IS Interim Standard IS Intermediate System IS International Standard IS Intrinsic Safety IS Island, RER Rafmagnseftirlit rikisins ( Prüfzeichen ) ISA Industry Standard Architecture ISAC ISDN Subscriber Access Controller ISAM Indexed Sequential Access Method ISAPI Internet Server Application Programming Interface ISC International Sourcing Center ISCAS International Symposium on Circuits And Systems ISCE Integrated Simulator Computational Environment ( aircraft computer architecture ) iSCM internet Supply Chain Management ( Oracle Corp., Geneva, Switzerland ) ISD Information Storage Devices ( Inc. San Jose CA ) ISD Integrated System Design ISDB Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISE Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ( Fraunhofer ISE Freiburg Germany ) ISE Integrated Simulation Environment ISEE International Sun-Earth Explorer ISEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment ISHM International Society for Hybrid Microelectronics ISI Input Scanning Interface ISI Integrated Systems Incorporated ( Sunnyvale CA ) ISI InterSymbol Interference ISIN International Securities Identification Number ISINM International Symposium on Integrated Network Management ISIS International Satellite for Ionosphere Studies ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical ( frequency bands ) ISM Instruction Set Model ISM Intermediate Service Module ISO International Standards Organisation ISOP Instance Specific Operating Point ISP In-System Programmability/Programmable ISP Internet-Service Provider ispGDX in-system programmable Generic Digital Crosspoint ( switch ) ISPSS In-Seat Power Supply System ISR In-System Reprogramming ISR Integrated Switching Regulator ISR Interrupt Service Routine ISR Isothermal Systems Research ( Colton WA ) ISS Instruction Set Simulator ISSCC International Solid-State Circuits Conference ISSLL Integrated Services over Specific Link Layers ISSM International Symposium of Semiconductor Manufacturing IST Information Society Technologies ISTN Improved Super Twisted Nematic ( LCD ) ISV Independent Software Vendor ISW In-System Write IT Information Technologies - InformationsTechnologie IT Internet Technology ITA Information Technology Agreement ITA Interchangeable Test Adapter ITAA Information Technology Association of America ITAC ISDN Terminal Adapter Circuit ITC International Test Conference ITC International Trade Committee ITCL International Technology Centre Leuven ( Belgium ) ITD Input Transition Detection ITD Interaural Time Difference ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers ITK Informationstechnik und TeleKommunikation ITMS Information Technology Metric Strategies ( newsletter ) ITL Information Technology Laboratory ( NIST ) ITO Indium Tin Oxide ( touch screen ) ITO Interface Transfer Object ITRI Industrial Technology Research Institute ( Taiwan ) ITRI Interconnection Technology Research Institute ITRON Industrial TRON ITS Integrated Tiger Series ( program ) ITS Intelligent Transportation System ITSCG Information Technology Strategies Cooperation Group ITSEC Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria ( European standard ) ITSIG Information Technology Strategies Implementation Group ITU International Telecommunications Union ITV Interactive TV IUE International Ultraviolet Explorer ( Forschungssatellit ) IuK Informationstechnik und Telekommunikation IVI Interchangeable Virtual Instrument IVP Interactive Virtual Prototyping IVR Interactive Voice Response IVR Interrupt-Vector Register IVS Interactive Voice Response IVS International Vocabulary Support IVT Interrupt Vector Table IWM Integrated Woz Machine [ the custom chip that controls the Apple 3.5-inch disk drives ] IWP Inter-Working Profile ( DECT ) IWR Isolated Word Recognition IWS Incident Wave Switching IWS Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik ( Fraunhofer IWS Dresden Germany ) IZM Institut für Zuverlässigkeit und Mikrointegration ( Fraunhofer IZM Berlin Germany ) IX Integration eXpert J Joule ( energy ) J2ME Java 2 Micro Edition JADE Joint Audio Decoder-Encoder JAF Java Activation Framework JAN Joint Army-Navy JAR Java ARchive JBOD Just a Bunch of Disks JDC Japan Digital Cellular JDCT Japan Digital Cellular Telephone JDK Java Development Kit JEDEC Joint Electronic Devices Engineering Council JEIDA Japanese Electronics Industry Development Association JESSI Joint European Silicon Semiconductor Initiative JET Joint European Torus JETEC Joint Electronic Tube Engineering Council JETL Japan Electrical Testing Laboratory JFC Java Foundation Classes JFET Junction Field-Effect Transistor JI Junction Isolation JISC Japanese Industrial Standards Committee JIT Just-In-Time JITO Just-In-Time Oscillator ( FOX Electronics, Fort Myers FL ) JKFF JK type Flip-Flop JND Just Noticeable Difference JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group ( standard ) JPEG Joint Picture Expert Group JPHS Japan Personal Handy System JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( NASA, Caltech Pasadena CA ) JRMP Java Remote Method Protocol JTA Jitter Timing Analysis JTAG Joint Test Action Group ( IEEE 1149.1 ) JTAPI Java Telephony API JTC Joint Technical Committee JTC1 Joint Technical Committee ( ISO/IEC ) JTFA Joint Time-Frequency Analysis JTS Java Transaction Service JVD Jet Vapor Deposition JVM Java Virtual Machine JWG Joint Working Group k kilo ( 10^3 ) K Kalium K Kelvin ( temperature ) KAIST Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ( Taeheon Korea ) KAKTUS Kommunale Aachener KunststoffaufbereitungsTechnologie zur Umweltfreundlichen Sekundärrohstoffverwertung KARMEN KArlsruhe Rutherford Medium Energy Neutrino ( Experiment, http://www.karmen.de/ ) KBM Knowledge Base Memory ( Fuzzy ) kbps kilobits per second KDOT Knowledge Driven Optimization Technology KDP Kalium Dihydrogen Phosphate ( crystal, laser optical element ) KDT Kammer Der Technik [ Organisation der Wissenschaftler, Ingenieure und Ökonomen der DDR ] KEMA tot Keuring van Elektrotechnische MAterialien KFZ KraftFahrZeug kg kilogramm ( mass ) KGD Known-Good Die KI Künstliche Intelligenz km kilometer ( length ) KMU Kleine und Mittlere Unternehmen KOM KraftOMnibus KOP KOntaktPlan ( SPS ) Kr Krypton KS Kansas KSC Kennedy Space Center KSIA Korean Semiconductor Industry Association kV kilovolt kW kilowatt ( electrical power ) KWK Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung KY Kentucky L Low ( level ) L1 Level 1 ( primary, first-level ) L2 Level 2 ( secondary, second-level ) L²I Lynx Linux Initiative La Lanthan LA Limiting Amplifier LA Louisiana LAB Logic-Array Block ( Altera ) LADL Large-Amplitude Differential Logic LAMBD Laser Assisted Molecular Beam Disposition LAN Local Area Network LANE LAN-Emulation ( over ATM ) LAPD Link-Access Procedure LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LATA Local Access and Transport Area LBA Logical Block Addressing LBB Logic Building Block LBI Local Bus Interface LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( Berkeley CA ) LCB Lasered Circuit Board LCC Leadless Chip Carrier LCC Local Communication Controller ( IBM ) LCD Liquid Crystal Display LCI Line-Conducted Interference LCM Local Connection Manager ( S.300 ) LCOS Liquid Crystal On Silicon ( display ) LCP Liquid Crystal Polymer ( resin ) LCR Least Cost Routing ( ISDN ) LD Low Density LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol LD-CELP Low-Delay Code-Excited Linear Prediction ( compression method ) LDD Lightly Doped Drain LDI Laser Direct Imaging LDMOS Lateral DMOS LDMOS Laterally Diffused Metal-Oxide Silicon LDMOS Laterally-Doped MOS LDO Low Drop-Out ( voltage regulator ) LDOR Low Drop-Out voltage Regulator LDR Light Dependent Resistor LDRC Logic Design Rule Check LDSC Long Distance System Control LDT Local Descriptor Table LEC LAN Emulation Client LEC Line Echo Cancellation LEC Local Exchange Carrier LED Light Emitting Diode LEF Library Exchange Format LEL Lower Explosive Limit LEM Link Error Monitor ( network ) LENS Laser-Engineered Net Shaping LEO Light Emitting Organic LEO Low Earth Orbit ( satellite ) LEP Light Emitting Polymer LETI Laboratoire d'Electronique, de Technologie et d'Instrumentation LF Line Feed ( ASCII control code ) LF Low Frequency LFB Linear Frame Buffer LFM LFS File Manager LFM Linear Feet per Minute LFOM Linearity Figure of Merit [ OIP3 divided by DC bias power ] LFS Linear File Store LFSR Linear Feedback Shift Register LG Lucky Goldstar ( Semicon Seoul Korea ) LGA Land Grid Array LGAI Laboratori General d'Assaigs i Investigacions ( Barcelona, España, www.lgai.es ) Li Lithium LIA Laser Institute of America LIF Laser-Induced Fluorescence LIF Low Insertion Force LIFO Last-In First-Out ( memory ) LIGBT Lateral IGBT LIMDOW Light Intensity Modulation Direct OverWrite LiMS Lithium Metal Sulfide ( battery ) LIN Local Interconnect Network LISN Line-Impedance Stabilization Network LKW LastKraftWagen LLC Logical Link Control ( network ) LLC Link-Level Control ( interface ) LLC1 Logical Link Control class 1 LLL Lawrence Livermore Laboratory ( Livermore CA ) LLME Low Layer Management Entrity ( DECT supervisory layer ) LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories ( Albuquerque NM, www.llnl.gov ) LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( Livermore CA ) LLO Local LockOut ( GPIB ) LLT Logical-Link Table LM-ATL Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Lab ( Camden NJ ) LMDS Local Microwave Distribution System LMDS Local Multipoint Distribution System ( network ) LMH Linkable Module Header LMS Least-Mean-Square ( algorithm ) LNA Low-Noise Amplifier LNB Low-Noise Block LNC Low-Noise Converter LO Local Oscillator LOD Level-Of-Detail LOL Laughing Out Loud ( net slang ) LOL Loss Of Lock LOL Lots Of Luck ( net slang ) LOM Laminated Object Manufacturing ( rapid prototyping process ) LON Local Operating Network LOP Loss Of Power LOS Loss Of Signal LP Long Play [ Langspielplatte ] LPAC London Parallel Applications Centre ( UK ) LPB Local Peripheral Bus LPC Linear Predictive Code LPC Low Pin Count ( interface ) LPCC Leadless Plastic Chip Carrier ( package ) LPCVD Liquid-Phase Chemical Vapor Deposition LPCVD Low-Pressure Chemical-Vapor Deposition LPE Layout-Parameter Extraction LPF Low-Pass Filter LPGA Laser-Programmed Gate Array LPI Low Probability of Interception LPM Library of Parameterized Modules LPM Low Profile Module LPMOCVD Low Pressure Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition LPNP Lateral PNP ( transistor ) LPRA Low Power Radio Association LQ Letter Quality ( printer ) LRM Language Reference Manual LROS Lloyd's Register Of Shipping LRU Line Replacement Unit LS Low-power Schottky ( logic ) LSA Linear Systems Analysis LSB Least Significant Bit LSB Lower SideBand LSD Least Significant Digit LSF Low Smoke and Flame LSI Large-Scale Integration LSL Logic Shift Left ( assembler mnemonic ) LSR Least-Squares Regression LSR Logic Shift Right ( assembler mnemonic ) LSS Ladder Support Software LSSD Level-Sensitive Scan Design LSSGR LATA Switching Systems Generic Requirements LSSM Loss of Synchronization State Machine LSTTL Low-power Schottky Transistor-Transistor Logic LT Line Termination LTC Linear Technology Corporation ( Milpitas CA ) LTCC Low-Temperature Co-fired Ceramic [ packaging and interconnect technology ] LTE Long-Term Evolution LTP Long-Term Prediction LTPS Low-Temperature Poly-Silicon ( display, Toshiba ) LTT Linux Trace Toolkit Lu Lutetium LUCO LED LUminiscence-COnversion LED LUF Lowest Useful Frequency LUN Logical Unit Number ( SCSI ) LUNI LANE User-to-Network Interface LUT LookUp Table LVBD Low-Voltage Battery Disconnect LVBO Low-Voltage Battery-Operated LVC Low-Voltage CMOS LVCMOS Low-Voltage CMOS LVD Low Voltage Devices ( EEC directive ) LVD Low Voltage Differential LVDS Low Voltage Differential Signal LVDT Linear Variable Differential Transformer LVDT Linear Variable Displacement Transformer LVL Low-Voltage Logic LVPECL Low-Voltage PECL LVQ Low-Voltage Quiet ( CMOS family ) LVR Large Vocabulary Recognition LVRT Low Voltage Ride Through LVS Layout Versus Schematic LVS Logic Versus Schematic LVT Low-Voltage biCMOS Technology LVTTL Low-Voltage Transistor-Transistor Logic LWL LichtWellenLeiter LZS Lempel-Ziv-Stac ( compression algorithm ) m meter ( length ) m milli ( 10^-3 ) M Mega ( 10^6 ) M²C MultiMediaCard M16QAM Multilevel 16-symbol Quadrature Amplitude Modulation MA Massachusetts MAC Media/Medium Access Control ( layer ) MAC Multiply-Accumulate ( unit ) MACH Macro Array CMOS High-density ( AMD CPLD ) MACS Monitoring And Control System MACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology MADT Micro Alloy Diffusion Technique ( transistor ) MAGIC Multi-dimensional Applications Gigabit Internetworking Consortium MAK Maximale ArbeitsplatzKonzentration MAN Metropolitan Area Network MAOP Maximal Allowable Operating Pressure MAP Manifold-Absolute-Pressure ( sensor ) MAP Manufacturing Automation Protocol MAP Maximum A Posteriori ( algorithm ) MAPI Messaging Application Programming Interface MARS Mechanical Anti-Reflection Switch MASER Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation MATE Modular Automatic Test Equipment MAU Media Access Unit MAU Media Attachment Unit MAUI Multimedia Application User Interface MAUS Mobile AUtomated Scanning MAX Multimedia Acceleration eXtension MAZ MAgnetbildAufzeichnung MAZeT Mikroelektronik-AnwendungsZentrum Thüringen ( Jena Germany ) MBB Moisture Barrier Bag MBC Multimedia Benchmark Committee MBE Molecular Beam Epitaxy MBGA Micro Ball Grid Array MBI Management-Buy-In MBO Management-Buy-Out Mbone Multicast backbone MBR Master Boot Record MC Magnetic Contactor MC MacroCell MC1 MultiChassis ( MVIP bus ) MC2M Motor Contactor 2 Motors MCA Micro-Channel Architecture ( IBM ) MCA Multichannel Analyzer [ e.g. pulse height analyzer ] MCA Multi-Cycle Analyzer MCAV Modified Constant Angular Velocity MCBF Mean Cycles Before Failure MCC Microelectronics and Computer technology Center ( Austin TX ) MCC Multi-Channel Concentrator MCCT MOS-Controlled Cascode Thyristor MCD Measurement, Calibration, and Diagnosis ( ASAM ) MCD Memory Components Division MCDC Modified-Condition Decision Coverage ( analysis, quality-asurance software testing ) MCELP Modified Code Excited Linear Prediction MCFC Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell MCFP Multi-Chip Floor Planner [ FPGA design tool ] MCI Media Control Interface MCI MultiCast Identifier MCM Multi-Chip Module MCNS Multimedia Cable Network Systems ( group ) MCNS/DOCSIS Multimedia Cable Networking Systems/Data-Over-Cable-Service Interface Specification MCOB Multiple-Chips-On-Board ( module ) MCP Microsoft Certified Professional MCP Multi-Chip Package MCR Maximum Continuous Rated MCSE Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer MCSP Microsoft Certified Solution Provider MCT MOS-Controlled Thyristor MCU MicroController Unit MD Maryland MD Medium Density MD MiniDisk MDA Manufacturing Defects Analysis MDA Modulation-Domain Analyzer MDA Monochrome Display Architecture MDAC Multiplying Digital-to-Analog Converter MDBS Mobile Data Base Station MDD Multi-value Decision Diagram MDE Manufacturing Development Engineering MDF Main Distribution Frame MDI Management Data Interface MDI Media-Dependent Interface MDI Multiple Document Interface MD-IS Mobile Data Intermediate System MDL Microelectronics Development Laboratory ( Sandia's MDL ) MDLP Mobile Data-Link Protocol MDMA Multi-Dimensional Multiple-Access [ time and frequency spreaded transmission scheme ] MDMF Multiple Data Message Format MDMX MIPS Digital Media eXtensions MDO Multi-Disciplinary Optimizer MDP MDSL Data Pump MDRAM Multibank DRAM MDS Microwave Design System ( HP ) MDSL Moderate-speed Digital Subscriber Loop MDSL Multi-rate Digital Subscriber Loop MDSP MDSL DSP MDTN MultiDomain Twisted-Nematic ( LCD ) ME Measurement Expertise ( team ) ME Mechanical Engineer MEC Message Exchange Control ( protocol IEEE488.2 ) MEDEA MicroElectronics Development for European Applications MEDL MEssage Descriptor List ( TTP ) MEEI Magyar Elektrotechnikai Ellenorzo Intezet MEG MagnetoEncephaloGraphy MEI Ministry of Electronics Industries ( China ) MEK Methyl Ethyl Ketone MELF Metal Electrode Leadless Faced ( package ) MEM MicroElectroMechanical ( technique ) MEMS MicroElectroMechanical System MEPEE Modular Easy Programming and Execution Environment MES Manufacturing Execution System M-ES Mobile-End System MESFET Metal-Epitaxial Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor MF Merit Factor MF Multi-Functional MFC Microsoft Foundation Class ( library ) MFI Motor Frequency Inverter MFL Merged Flash with Logic ( chip technology, Samsung Korea ) MFM Modified Frequency Modulation MFSK Minimum Frequency Shift Keying ( modulation ) MFT Micro-Fine-line Technology MFT MultiFunction Timer Mg Magnesium MGC Machinable Glass Ceramic MGD MOS-Gate Driver MGSF Motorola GreenLine Single FET MHA Magnetic Haptic Array MHD MagnetoHydroDynamisch ( Generator ) MHDC Modular High-density Dc-dc Converter MHS Multimedia Home System MI Michigan MIA Media Interface Adapter MIB Management Information Base ( network ) MID Molded Interconnect Device MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface MIDP Mobile Information Device Profile ( mobile phone ) MIF Management Information Format MIG Metal-In-Gap ( head ) MIG Microsystems Industrial Group MII Media Independent Interface MII Mobile-Information-Infrastructure ( project ) MIK Maximale ImmisionsKonzentration MIM Metal-Insulator-Metal ( capacitor ) MIMD Multiple Instruction Multiple Data ( architecture ) MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions MIMO Multiple-In Multiple-Out ( WLAN system ) MIN Mobile Identification Number MINI Memory-Integrated Network Interface MIPS Meaningless Information Propagated by Salesmen MIPS Million Instructions Per Second MIRS Multimedia Information-Retrieval Services MIS Management Information Systems MISFET Metal-Insulator Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor MISO Master In Slave Out ( SPI signal ) MISR Multiple-Input Signature Register MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( Cambridge MA ) MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry ( Japan ) MIU Memory Interface Unit MKS Meter, Kilogramm, Sekunde ( System ) MLC MultiLayer Ceramic ( capacitor ) MLC MultiLevel Cell ( technology ) MLCC MultiLayer Chip Capacitor MLI Machine Language Interface MLP Meridian Lossless Packing ( compression scheme ) MLR Multichannel Linear Recording ( tape ) MLS Multi-Line Selection ( LCD ) MLV MultiLayer Varistor MM Machine Model ( ESD ) MMA Micro-Module Architecture MMAC Million Multiply-ACcumulate ( operations ) MMC MultiMediaCard MMCD MultiMedia CD MMD Magnetic Matrix Display MMDS Microwave Multipoint Distribution System MMDS Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service MMI Man Machine Interface MMI Manufacturing Management Information ( system ) MMI Memory Mapped Interface MMI Messe München International MMIC Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit MMJ Modular Modified Jack MMS Manufacturing Message Specification ( ISO/IEC 9506 ) MMS Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle MMU Memory Management Unit MMVF MultiMedia Video Format ( DVD proprietary scheme, NEC ) MMX MultiMedia eXtension Mn Mangan MN Minnesota MNCRS Mobile Network Computer Reference Specification MNOS Metal-Nitride-Oxide Semiconductor MNSFET Metal Nitride Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor Mo Molybdaenum [ Molybdän ] MO Magneto-Optical ( technology ) MO Missouri MOC Missing Output Code MOCVD Metal Oxide Chemical Vapor Deposition ( process ) MODACOM MObile DAta COMmunication MOEMS Micro-Optical-Electromechanical System MONET Multiwavelength Optical NETworking MOPA Master Oscillator Power Amplifier ( laser system ) MOPS Million Operations Per Second MORI Market and Opinion Research Institution MOS Metal-Oxide Semiconductor MOSAR Method Organised for a Systematic Analysis of Risks MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor MOSI Master Out Slave In ( SPI signal ) MOSS Market-Oriented Sector-Specific ( trade ) MOST Media-Oriented System Transport MOU Memorandum Of Understanding ( EPA ) MOV MehrschichtOberflächenVerdrahtung MOV Metal Oxide Varistor MOVPE Metal Organic Vapour Phase Epitaxy MP Metallized Paper MPC Model-Predictive Controller MPC Multi-Purpose Chip MPD MagnetoPlasmaDynamisch ( Generator ) MPEG Motion Picture Expert Group MPI Max-Planck-Institut MPI Multiple Path Interference MPI Multiple Perspective Interactive ( video ) MPM Metra-Potential-Methode [ Netzplantechnik ] MPM Multi Ported Memory MP-MLQ Multi Pulse Maximum Likelihood Quantization MPOA MultiProtocol Over ATM MPP Massively Parallel Processing MPPP Multilink Point-to-Point Protocol MPQ Max-Planck-institut für Quantenoptik ( Garching Germany ) MPR Multi-Port Repeater MPRG Mobile and Portable Research Group ( Blacksburg VA ) MPSD Modular Port Scan Device MPSK Minimum Phase Shift Keying ( modulation ) MPT Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications ( United Kingdom ) MPW Macintosh Programmer's Workshop [ Apple's software development environment for the Macintosh family ] M-QAM M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation MQFP Metric Quad Flat-pack Package MQW Multiple Quantum Well ( Laser structure ) mR milliRoentgen [ a one-thousandth of a Roentgen ] MR MagnetoResistive ( sensor ) MRA Mutual Recognition Agreement MRAC Model Reference Adaptive Control MRAM Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory MRC Motor Reverse Contactor MRCC Maritime Rescue Coordination Center MRF Magneto-Rheological Finishing MRFM Magnetic Resonance Force Microscope MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRO Maintenance, Repair, & Overhaul MROW Multiple Readers, One Writer ( access policy ) MRP Materials Resource Planning MRS Micro-Reflective Structure ( LCD ) MRSC Motor Reverse Soft Contactor MRX MagnetoResistive Extended ( head ) MS Master of Science MS Mississippi MSB Most Significant Bit MSC Main Switching Center MSCS MicroSoft Cluster Server MSDL MPEG-4 Systems Description Language MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets MSE Mean Square Error MSG MehrSchichtenGlas, MehrscheibenSicherheitsGlas MSG Message MSI Medium-Scale Integration MSIE MicroSoft Internet Explorer MSK Minimum Shift Keying MSM Mobile Station Modem MSO Mixed Signal Oscilloscope MSOP Micro SOP MSP Media Stream Processor MSP Mixed-Signal Processing MSP MultiSpektralFotografie MSPS MegaSamples Per Second MSR Message Service Routine MSS Multiprotocol Switched Services MST MikroSystemTechnik MSTS MicroSoft Terminal Server MSWDI Mixed-Signal Waveform Database Interface MTA MultiThreaded Architecture MTBF Mean Time Before Failure MTBF Mean Time Between Failures MTBM Mean Time Between Malfunctions MTC Master Timing Controller ( PXI ) MTC Measurement Technology Conference MTD Manufacturing Test Division MTD Memory Technology Driver MTF Modulation Transfer Function MTIE Maximum Time Interval Error MTL Microsystems Technology Laboratories MTN Modulated Twisted Nematic ( LCD ) MTP Multiple-Time Programming MTPR MultiTone Power Ratio MTps Million Transfers per second ( SCSI ) MTS MPEG Transport Stream MTTF Mean Time To Failure MTTFF Mean Time To First Failure MTTR Mean Time To Repair MTU Maximum Transmission Unit ( IP ) MTV Music TeleVision MUSE Multiple Subnyquist Encoding ( HDTV ) MUX Multiplexer MVI Motion Video Instruction ( set DEC ) MVIP Multi Vendor Integration Protocol ( bus ) MVP Multimedia Video Processor MYOB Mind Your Own Business n nano ( 10^-9 ) N Newton ( force, 1 N = 1 kg * m / s^2 ) N Nitrogenium [ Stickstoff ] Na Natrium NAB National Association of Broadcasters NACC North American Calibration Cooperative NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers NACME National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering NADC North American Digital Cellular NADTP National Association of DeskTop Publishers ( Topfield MI ) NAK Negative AcKnowledgment ( ASCII control code ) NAMP Nokia Artus Messaging Platform NAMPS Narrowband Analog Mobile Phone Service NAP Network Access Point NARM Natural occurring or Accelerator-produced Radioactive Material NARTB National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NAT Network Address Translator NATA National Association of Test Authorities NATA North American Telephone Association NAV Network Allocation Vector ( IEEE-802.11 ) NAVSTAR NAVigation System using Timing And Ranging ( GPS system ) Nb Niobium NBFM Narrow-Band Frequency Modulation NC Network Computer NC No Connection NC Normally Closed NC North Carolina N/C Normally Closed ( switch ) NCA Network Computing Architecture ( Oracle ) NCAP Network-Capable Application Processor NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research NCB-OFD Narrow-Channel-Barrier OverFlow Drain NCD Nonlinear Control Design NCE Nomadic Computing Environment NCEA National Center for Environmental Assessment ( http://www.epa.gov/ncea/ ) NCEG Numerical C Extensions Group ( ANSI ) NCL Null Convention Logic [ clockless, self-synchronizing semiconductor design technology ] NCMS National Center for Manufacturing Sciences ( Ann Arbor MI) NCO Numerically Controlled Oscillator NCS Native Compiled Software NCSA National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana IL ) NCTA National Cable Television Association NCU Network Control Unit Nd Neodymium NDA NonDisclosure Agreement NDAC Not Data ACcepted ( GPIB ) NDF No Defect Found ( syndrome ) NDIR Non-Dispersive InfraRed ( gas and chemical sensor ) NDIS Network Device Interface Specification ( Windows networking ) Nd-LSCO Neodymium-substituted Lanthanum Strontium Copper Oxide NDR Negative Differential Resistance Nd:YAG Neodym:Yttrium Aluminum Garnet ( Laser optical element ) Ne Neon NEDA National Electronic Distributors' Association NEL National Engineering Laboratory NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association NEMI National Electronics Manufacturing Initiative NEMI North american Electronics Manufacturing Initiative ( http://www.nemi.org ) NEMKO Norges Elektriske Materiellkontrol NEMP Nuclear ElectroMagnetic Pulse NEP Noise Equivalent Power [ RMS value of optical power which is required to produce unity RMS signal-to-noise ratio ] NEREM Northeast Electronics Research and Engineering Meeting NESCOM NEw Standards COMmittee ( IEEE ) NEXT Near-End X(cross) Talk NF NiederFrequenz NF Noise Figure NF Norm Française NFC Near Field Communication NFR Near Field Recording ( disk drive ) NFS Network File System NGI Next-Generation Internet NGIO Next-Generation Input/Output ( Intel ) NGL Next-Generation Lithography NGST Next Generation Space Telescope ( http://www.ngst.gsfc.nasa.gov ) NH New Hampshire NHD Networking Hardware Division ( IBM ) NHRP Next Hop Resolution Protocol Ni Nickel NIC Negative Impedance Converter NIC Network Interface Card/Controller NICE Narrative, Immersive, Constructivist/Collaborative Environment NID Special Network Identification NIEHS National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences NIH Not Invented Here ( mentality ) NII National Information Infrastructure ( band 5.2GHz ) NIM Network Interface Module NiMH Nickel-Metal-Hydride ( cell ) NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology ( Washington DC ) NiZn Nickel-Zinc ( battery ) NJ New Jersey NJIT New Jersey Institute of Technology ( Newark NJ ) NL New Line ( ASCII control code ) NLA Next Level Aggregator ( ID IPv6 ) NLC Next Linear Collider [ international collaborative project on a high-energy, large-scale positron-electron collider ] NLQ Near Letter Quality ( printer ) NM New Mexico NMEA National Marine Electronics Association NMI Non-Maskable Interrupt NMOS N-channel Metal-Oxide Semiconductor NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( spectrometry ) NMS Network Management Station ( SNMP ) NMSI Nonmultiplexed Serial Interface NNI Network Node Interface NNI Network-to-Network Interface NNPU Neural-Net Processing Unit NNTP Network News Transport Protocol NO Normally Open N/O Normally Open ( switch ) NoBL No Bus Latency ( SRAM ) NOCT Normal Operating Cell Temperature NOP No Operation NORM Natural Occurring Radioactive Material NOS Network Operating System NOSC Naval Ocean Surveillance Center NP Network Protocol NPACI National Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure NPC Network Parameter Control NPCS Narrow-band Personal Communication Service NPN Negative-Positive-Negative ( doped bipolar transistor regions ) NPRM Notice of Proposed Rule-Making ( FCC ) NPR Noise Power Ratio NPT Non Punch Through ( IGBT ) NRE NonRecurrent Engineering NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NRFD Not Ready For Data ( GPIB ) NRM Normal-Response Mode NRZ Non-Return to Zero ( data encoding scheme ) NRZI Non-Return to Zero Invert on ones ( data encoding scheme ) NSA National Security Agency NSB National Science Board NSCEP National Service Center for Environmental Publications ( Cincinnati OH ) NSF National Science Foundation NSP Native Signal Processing NSP Network Service Provider NSREC Nuclear & Space Radiation Effects Conference NSSN National Standards Systems Network NT Network Terminal NT Network Termination NT1 Network Termination 1 ( OSI layer 1 only ) NT2 Network Termination 2 ( OSI layers 2 and 3 ) NTC Negative Teperature Coefficient NTDB National Trade Data Bank NTF No Trouble Found ( syndrome ) NTFS NT File System ( Windows NT ) NTL Neue Tokaido-Linie [ Shinkansen, elektrisch betriebene, 2-gleisige Normalspur-Eisenbahnlinie zwischen Tokio und Fukuoka ] NTONC National Transparent Optical Network Consortium NTP Network Time Protocol NTSB National Transportation Safety Board NTSC National Television Standards Committee NTSC National Television System Committee NTSC Never Twice the Same Colour ( tech slang ) NTT Nippon Telephone and Telegraph NTV Nonlinear Thickness Variation NUL NULl ( ASCII control code ) NUMA NonUniform Memory Access ( architecture ) NVE NonVolatile Electronics ( Inc. ) NVG Night Vision Goggle NVLAP National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program ( NIST ) NVM NonVolatile Memory NVP Nominal Velocity of Propagation NVRAM Non-Volatile RAM NWK Network ( analyser ) NY New York NYC New York City NYSEG New York State Electric & Gas ( corporation ) O Oxygenium [ Sauerstoff ] OADM Optical Add Drop Multiplexer OAK OEM Adaptation Kit OAM Operation, Administrative, and Maintenance ( ATM ) OAM Operation And Maintenance OAO Orbiting Astronomical Observatory OATS Open-Area Test Site ( EMI ) OAV OstAsiatischer Verein OAW Optical Assisted Winchester ( technology Seagate ) OBIGGS On-Board Inert Gas-Generating System OBP On-Board Programming OC Open Collector OC OperationsCharakteristik [ Statistische Qualitätskontrolle ] OCB Optical Compensated Bend ( mode LCD ) OCDS On-Chip Debug Support OCMOSFET Opto-Coupled MOSFET OCP Over Current Protection OCR Optical Character Reader/Recognition OCXO Oven-Controlled Crystal Oscillator ODAA Open Data Acquisition Association ( http://www.opendaq.org ) ODBC Open DataBase Connectivity ODBMS Object DataBase Management System ODETTE [ Europäischer Automobilherstellerverband ] ODMG Object Data Management Group ODP Ocean Drilling Program ODQL Object Data Query Language ODS Open Data Service ( ASAM ) OE Optical-to-Electrical ( converter ) OE Output Enable ( signal ) OEC Output Edge Control OEIC Opto-Electronic Integrated Circuit OEL Occupational Exposure Limit OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OFA Optical Fiber Amplifier OFC Open-Fiber-Control ( protocol ) OFD Oscillator Failure Detection OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing OFFM Optimized Full Functional Model OFO Orbiting Frog Otholite [ Erdumkreisender Frosch-Otholit ] OFTP ODETTE File Transfer Protocol OFW OberFlächenWellen OFX Open Financial eXchange [ homebanking standard ] OGM OutGoing Message OGO Orbiting Geophysical Observatory OH Ohio OHCI Open Host Controller Interface OHDL OrCAD Hardware Description Language OIDA Optoelectronics Industry Development Association OIP3 3rd(third)-order Output-Intercept Point OJEC Office Journal of the European Communities OK Oklahoma OLAP OnLine Analytical Processing OLB Outer Lead Bond OLE Object Linking and Embedding OLED Organic Light-Emitting Device OLGA Organic Land Grid Array OLM Optical Link Module OMA Object Management Architecture OMAC Open Manufacturing for Automobile Control OMB Office of Management and Budget OMC Operation Maintenance Center OMF Object Modules Format OMG Object Management Group OMI Open Modeling Interface OMIMO Open Microprocessor System Initiative Management Office OMT Object Modeling Technique OnCE On-Chip Emulator ONO Oxide-Nitride-Oxide ( dielectric ) ONU Optical Network Unit OO Object Oriented OOA Object-Oriented Analysis ( methodology ) OOAD Object-Oriented Analysis and Design ( tool ) OODBMS Object-Oriented DataBase Management System OOP Object Oriented Programming OOP Out-Of-Print OOP Object-Oriented Programming Language OPC OLE for Process Control ( foundation ) OPC Open Process Control OPC Optical Proximity Correction ( verification technology ) OPL Organiser Programming Language OPSEC Open Platform for Secure Enterprise Connectivity ( alliance ) OPU Optical Pickup Unit OPV OPerationsVerstärker OQPSK Offset Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying OR Oregon ORB Object Request Broker ORCA Optimized Reconfiguarble Cell Array ( Lucent Technologies, Allentown PA ) ORDBMS Object-Relational DataBase Management System OREM Objective Reference Equivalent Meter ORM Optical Redundancy Manager ORZ Organisations- und RechenZentrum Os Osmium OS Operating System OSA Optical Society of America OSAL Operating System Abstraction Layer OSC Oscillator OSD On-Screen Display OSEK Offene Systeme ( und deren schnittstellen ) für die Elektronik im Kraftfahrzeug [ open systems and corresponding interfaces for automotive electronics ] OSEM Operating-System Extension Mechanism OSF Open Software Foundation OSG Oscillator Safe Guard OSHA Occupational, Safety and Health Administration OSI Open Switch Interval OSI Open System Interconnect ( model, ISO ) OSI Open Systems Interconnection OSM Operating System Services Module OSM Optical Switch Module OSO Orbiting Solar Observatory OSPF Open Shortest Path First ( routing ) OSR OverSampling Ratio ( ADC ) OSRA Office Systems Research Association ( Springfield MI ) OSTRE Objective SideTone Reference Equivalent OTA Office of Technological Assessment OTA Operational Transconductance Amplifier OTASP Over-The-Air Service Provisioning OTDR Optical Time Domain Reflectometer OTIS Optical Transpose Interconnection System OTP One-Time Programmable OTP Open Trading Protocol OTPROM One-Time Programmable Read-Only Memory OTS Orbital Test Satellite OVI Open Verilog International ( Los Gatos CA ) OVP Over Voltage Protection OXC Optical Cross Connect OZ OktanZahl ÖVE Österreichischer Verband für Elektronik p pico [ 10^-12 ] P Peta [ 10^15 ] P Phosphor P&R Placement and Routing P-MQFP Plastic Metric Quad Flat Package P-TQFP Plastic Thin Quad Flat Package PA Pennsylvania PA PolyAmide PA Power Amplifier PABX Private Automated Branch eXchange PACS Personal-Access Communications System PACT Programmable Acquisition and Control Timer PAE Power-Added Efficiency PAEK PolyArylEtherKeton PAF PolyAgglomeration Fuse PAFC Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell PAI PolyAmidImide PAL Phase Alternation of Lines [ European color TV standard ] PAL Programmable Array Logic ( device ) PALC Plasma-Addressed Liquid Crystal ( display ) PALCD Plasma-Addressed Liquid Crystal Display PAM Phase/Amplitude Modulation PAM Power Amplifier Module PAM Pulse-Amplitude Modulation PAMR Public-Access Mobile Radio PAN Personal Area Network ( Laptop ) PAN PolyAcrylNitril PAP Password Authentication Protocol PAP ProgrammAblaufPlan PAR PolyARylat PAR Project Authorization Request PARD Periodic And Random Deviation ( power supply ) PA-RISC Precision Architecture - Reduced Instruction Set Computer ( HP ) PAT Portable Appliance Tester PAT Prime à l'Aménagement du Territoire [ Raumordnungsprämie ] Pb Plumbum [ Blei ] PB Protective Basic PBGA Plastic Ball Grid Array PBR Partition Boot Record PBS Placement Based Synthesis PBS Portable Base Station ( ATM ) PBSRAM Pipelined Burst Static RAM PBT PolyButylenTerephtalat PBTP PolyButylenTerePhtalat PBX Private Branch eXchange [ an automatic switchboard for handling large concentrations of telephones ] PC Personal Computer PC PolyCarbonat PC Program Counter PCA Printed-Circuit Assembly PCA Programmable Counter Array PCB PolyChlorinated Biphenyl [ Hazardous dielectric fluid formerly used in electrical equipment like oil-filled capacitors etc., can become the highly toxic dioxin when burned ] PCB Printed Circuit Board PCDD PolyChlorinated Dibenzo-para-Dioxin PCDF PolyChlorinated DibenzoFuran PCF Point Control Function PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI Personal Communication Interface ( TIA ) PCI Programmable Clock Interface PCI Protocol Control Information PCIA Personal Communications Industry Association PCIS Pinnacle Component Information Standard PCISIG PCI Special Interest Group PCL Printer Control Language PCM Pulse Code Modulation PCMC Precedence C Model Client PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCN Personal Communications Network ( UK, 1.710-1.785 and 1.805-1.880 GHz ) PCN Product Change Notification PCO Point of Control and Observation PCP Parallel Control Port PCR Peak Cell Rate ( ATM ) PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction PCS Personal Communications System/Services PCS Physical Coding Sublayer PCTFE PolyChloride TriFluorEthylene PCU Program-Control Unit PCWG Personal Conferencing Working Group PCX PC Paintbrush [ format for graphic images, ZSoft Corporation, Marietta GA ] Pd Palladium PD Per Diem PD Plasma Display P&D Plug and Display ( VESA ) PDA Personal Digital Assistant PDB Parasitics DataBase PDB Planar Doped Barrier PDC Personal Digital Cellular PDC Personal Digital Communication PDC Plant Data Collection PDC Primary Digital Carrier PDEF Physical Design Exchange Format PDF Portable Document Format PDG Polarization Dependent Gain PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy PDI Personal Data Interchance PDI Perspective Dark-Field Imaging ( semiconductor wafer inspection ) PDIF P-cad Data Interchange Format PDIP Plastic Dual In-line Package PDK Process Design Kit PDL Polarization Dependent Loss PDL Printer Description Language PDLC Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal PDM Partition Descriptor Map PDM Product Data Management PDM PulsDauer-Modulation PDMS Plant Design Management System PDO Process Data Object ( CAN ) PDP Plasma Display Panel PDP Programmable Data Path PDP Programmed Data Processor PDR Preliminary Design Review PDS Power Drive System PDS Processor-Direct Slot ( of Apple computers ) PDU Protocol Data Unit ( network S.200 ) PDWG Projection Display Working Group PE Parasitic Extraction PE PolyEthylene PEBB Power-Electronics Building Block PEC Peripheral Event Controller PECC Partially Error-Controlled Connections PECL Positive-biased Emitter-Coupled Logic PECVD Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition ( technique ) PED Personal Electronic Device PEDA Passenger Electronic Device Association PEDT PolyEthylenDioxyThiopen PEEC Partial Element Equivalence Circuit PEEK PolyEther EtherKeton PEEL Programmable Electrically Erasable Logic ( ICT ) PEFC Proton Exchange Fuel Cell PEI PolyEtherImid PEK PolyEtherKeton PEM Polymer-Elektrolyt-Membranzelle ( Brennstoffzelle ) PEM Privacy Enhanced Mail ( internet ) PEO Philips Electron Optics ( Eindhoven Netherlands ) PEP Peak Envelope Power PEP Productivity Enhancement Products ( Laguna Hills CA ) pERC portable Executive for Real-time Control PERC Portable Executive for Reliable Control PERL Pratical Extraction and Report Language PEROM Programmable Erasable Read-Only Memory PERT Program Evaluation and Review Technique [ Netzplantechnik ] PES Packetized Elementary Stream PES PolyEtherSulfone PES Programmer Electronic Signature PESC Power Electronics Specialist Conference PESU PolyEtherSUlfone PET PolyEthylene Terephtalate PETP PolyEthylene TerePhtalate PF Power Factor PFA Predictive Failure Analysis PFC PerFluoroCompound PFC Phase-Frequency Comparator PFC Power-Factor Correction PFCB PerFluoroCycloButene ( insulator ) PFD Phase Frequency Detector PFM Pulse-Frequency Modulation PFS PowerFail Signal PFU Programmable Function Unit ( ORCA ) PGA Pin Grid Array PGA Programmable-Gain Amplifier PGIA Programmable-Gain Instrumentation Amplifier PGP Pretty Good Privacy [ internet encryption algorithm ] PHA Preliminary Hazard Analysis PHA Pulse Height Analyzer [ device that gives a measure of the amplitude of a signal applied to its input ] PHC Packet Header Cache PHD Partial High Density PHDL Philips Hardware Description Language pHEMT pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistor PHF Personal Hands-Free [ kits can reduce exposure to the electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones ] PHP Personal HandyPhone PHS Personal Handyphone System PHY PHYsical ( layer ) PI PolyImide PIA Peripheral Interface Adapter PIA Primary Initialization Area PIB PolyIsoButylene PIC Peripheral Interface Controller ( GI ) PIC Personal Intelligent Communicator PIC Positive Impedance Converter PIC Programmable Input/output Cell ( ORCA ) PIC Programmable Interrupt Controller PICA Power Industry Computer Applications conference PICMG PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group PID Personal Information Device PID Processor IDentifier PID Proportional, Integral, Derivative ( control ) PILOT Programmed Inquiry, Learning, Or Teaching [ a high-level programming language designed for teachers and used to create computer-aided instruction (CAI) lessons ] PIM Personal Information Manager PIM Programmable Interconnect Matrix PIM Protocol-Independent Multicast PIN Personal Identification Number PIN Positive-Insulator-Negative ( doped diode regions ) PIND Particle Impact Noise Detection PIO Programmed Input/Output PIP Picture In Picture PIP 'P' Internet Protocol PIP Procedural Interface Protocol PIPS Power-page Internet Printing System PIR Passive InfraRed ( detector ) PIT Periodic Interrupt Timer PIT Programmable Intelligent Tag PITA Pain In The Ass ( net slang ) PIV Particle Image Velocimetry PIV Peak Inverse Voltage PK PolyKarbonat PKG PhonoKardioGramm PKW PersonenKraftWagen PLA Programmable Logic Array ( Signetics ) PLC Power Line Carrier ( modem ) PLC Power Line Communications ( technique ) PLC Programmable Logic Cell PLC Programmable Logic Controller PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier PLCP Physical-Layer Convergence Procedure PLD Programmable Logic Device PLDC Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal ( display ) PLEDM Phase-state Low Electron hole-number Drive Memory PLI Programming Language Interface PLL Phase-Locked Loop PLP Physical-Layer Processor ( DECT ) PLS Programmable Logic Sequencer Pm Promethium [ Weicher Betastrahler: 147/61 Pm ] PM Performance Management ( ATM ) PM Permanent Magnet ( motor ) PM Phase Modulation PM Power Management PMA Physical Medium Attachement ( sublayer ) PMA PreMarket Approval PMC PCI Mezzanine Card PMD Physical Medium-Dependent ( layer ) PMDC Polarization Mode Dispersion Compensator PMID Portable MAC Identity for Display ( DECT ) PMMA PolyMethyl MethAcryliate ( Plexiglas ) PMMS Plant Maintenance Management System PMMU Paged Memory Management Unit [ the Motorola 68851, which allows an operating system to quickly reconfigure the arrangement of memory without physically moving data, so that different tasks can be "swapped" within the same space ] PMOS P-channel Metal-Oxide Semiconductor PMP Post-Metal Programming PMR Professional Mobile Radio PMS Pump Managing System PMSM PermanentMagneterregter SynchronMotor PMT Photo-Multiplier Tube PMU Parametric Measurement Unit PN PseudoNoise PND Personal Navigation Device PNN Probabilistic Neural Network PNO Profibus-NutzerOrganistaion PnP Plug and Play PNP Positive-Negative-Positive ( doped bipolar transistor regions ) PNSB Position and Navigation Systems Business PO Point of Observation POCSAG Post Office Code Standardization Advisory Group POD Polyplanar Optic Display POD Power On Demand POE ProgrammOrganisationsEinheit ( SPS ) POF Plastic Optical Fiber POI Parallel Optical Interconnect POINT Polymer Optical INterconnect Technology POM PolyOxyMethylen PON Passive Optical Network POP Picture Out of Picture POP Precision Optical Performance POP3 Post Office Protocol 3 POR Power-On Reset POS Point Of Sale POSIR Point Of Sales Internet Reporting POSIX Portable Operating System Interface for uniX POST Power-On Self Test POTS Plain Old Telephone Service POWER Performance Optimized With Enhanced RISC [ microprocessor architecture developed by IBM ] POWER Positive Opportunities for Women Engineer's Retention PP Parallel Processor PP PolyPropylene PP Portable Part ( DECT handset ) ppb parts per billion PPE Personal Protective Equipment PPE Plastic Package Engineering PPE PolyPhenyleneEther PPG Period Pulse Generator PPGA Plastic Pin Grid Array PPI Programmable Peripheral Interface ppm parts per million PPM Pulse Position Modulation PPP Parallel Push-Pull ( amplifier ) PPP Point-to-Point Protocol PPP Programmable Post Processor PPR Protocol Permutation and Randomizing PPS PolyPhenylenSulfid PPTC Polymeric Positive Teperature Coefficient ( device ) PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol [ networking technology that supports multiprotocol virtual private networks ] PPV PolyPhenylene Vinylene ( LEP ) PQFP Plastic Quad Flat Pack PQR Picture-Quality Rating Pr Praseodymium PR Puerto Rico PRA Programmable Resistor Array PRB Personal Request Broker PRBS PseudoRandom Bit Sequence PRC Pseudo-Random Code PRCE Prime Régionale à la Création d'Enterprises [ Regionale Beschäftigungsprämie ] PRE Prime Régionale à l'Emploi [ Regionale Beschäftigungsprämie ] PRF Pulse-Repetition Frequency PRI Primary Rate Interface PRI Pulse-Repetition Interval PRISM PhotoRefractive Information Storage Material PRISM Primary Rate Interface Signaling and Maintenance ( controller ) PRM Pulse Rate Modulation PRML Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood ( data channel ) PRN PseudoRandom Noise PRNU Pixel Response Non-Uniformity PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory PRPG/PSA Pseudo Random Pattern Generation/Parallel Signature Analysis PRS Pattern Recognition System PRSI Programmable Random Signal Interconnect PRT Platinum Resistance Thermometer PRTD Platinum Resistance Temperature Detector PS PolyStyrol P&S Publish and Subscribe PSA Parallel Signature Analysis PSA Pilot-Symbol Assistance PSC Permanent Split Capacitor ( motor ) PSC Pittsburgh Supercomputer Center PSD Position Sensitive Device PSD Power Spectral Density PSD Programmable System Device ( WSI ) PSE Personal Secure Environment PSG Phosphorous Silicate Glass ( process ) PSGA Polymer Stud Grid Array PSK Phase-Shift Keying PSM Permanenterregte SynchronMaschine PSM Phase Shifting Mask PSM Power System Manager PSM Programmable State Machine PSMC Plastic Surface Mount Component PSN Packet Switched Network PSNR Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio PSOP Plastic Small Outline Package PSP Processor Support Package PSPDN Packet Switched Public Data Network PSR Programmable Switch Replacement ( ispGDX Lattice ) PSRAM Pseudo-Static RAM PSRR Power-Supply Rejection Ratio PSS Power Supply Sensitivity PSTN Public Service Telephone Network PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network PSU PolySUlfon Pt Platin PT Payload Type ( ATM ) PT Product Term PT Punch Through ( IGBT ) PTA Post und Telekom Austria PTAB Project Technical Advisory Board PTAT Proportional-To-Absolute Temperature PTB Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt PTC Positive Teperature Coefficient PTFE PolyTetraFluoroEthylene PTH Plated-Through Hole PTI Payload Type Indicator ( ATM ) PTL PropellerTurbinen-Luftstrahltriebwerk ( Turboprop ] PTO Patent and Trademark Office PTO PROFIBUS Trading Organization PTR Potential Transformer Ratio PTSA Product Term Sharing Array ( CPLD ) Pu Plutonium PUR PolyURethane PUT Programmable Unijunction Transistor PV PhotoVoltaic ( system ) PV Precision Video PV Present Value PVA Photovoltaic AC Relay PVA PolyVinyl Alcohol PVAC PolyVinylACetat PVAL PolyVinylAcetaL PVC Permanent Virtual Connection ( ATM ) PVC PolyVinyl Chloride PVD Photovoltaic DC Relay PVDF PolyVinyliDene Fluoride PVI Planmässig Vorbeugende Instandhaltung PWB Printed-Wiring Board PWM Pulse Width Modulation/Modulator PWR PulsWechselRichter pwr power PWS Personal Web Server PWT Personal Wireless Telecommunications PXI PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation PXROS Portable eXtendible Realtime Operating System PZT Pb(lead)-Zircoate-Titanate ( dielectric compound ) PZT Pb(lead)-Zirconium-Titanate ( film capacitor ) Q Quadrature ( signal ) QA Quality Assurance QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QANTAS Queensland And Northern Territory Aerial Services ( Ltd., australian airline, http://www.qantas.com.au ) QCCO Quadrature Current-Controlled Oscillator QCIF Quarter Common Interface Format ( 176 by 144 pixels ) QCR Quality Control/Reliability QDOS Quick and Dirty Operating System ( pre-MS-DOS ) QDR Quad Data Rate ( SRAM ) QE Quantum Efficiency QEP Quadrature Encoder Pulse ( interface ) QFP Quad Flat Pack QIC Quarter-Inch Cartridge ( tape storage system ) QIPC Quad Industrial Pack Carrier QKZ QualitätsKennZahl ( ISO9001 ) QLS Quiet Line State ( network ) QMAC Quad-port Multiplier ACcumulator QML Qualified Manufacturers List QNL Quantization Noise Leakage QOS Quality Of Service ( ATM ) QPL Qualified Products List QPM Quasi-Phase-Matched QPSK Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying QPSK Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying QQD Quarter-Quadrature Decoding QRSL Quad Rambus Signalling Link ( multilevel signalling scheme ) QSI Quality Semiconductor Incorporated ( Santa Clara CA ) QSOP Quarter Quarter Size Outline Package QSPI Queued Serial Peripheral Interface QSS Quality Systems & Software QTA Quality Test Array QTAG Quality Test Action Group QTP Quick Turnaround Production qty quantity QuEST Quad Ethernet Switching Transceiver ( AMD Am79C989 ) QUICC Quad Integrated Communications Controller ( MC68360 ) QXGA Quad XGA ( display resolution 2048 by 1536 pixels ) R Roentgen [ the quantity of x or gamma radiation such that the associated corpuscular emission per 1.293 milligramm of dry air produces, in air, ions carrying one electrostatic unit of quantity of electricity of either sign ] Ra Radium RA Radiocommunications Agency ( UK ) RA Request Access RABITS Rolling-Assisted Biaxially Textured Substrat RAC Rambus Access Controller RACKS Reusable Application interface for Communicating real-time KernelS RAD Rapid Application Development RADAR RAdio Detecting And Ranging RADSL Rate-Adaptive DSL RAID Redundant Array of Independent Disks RALU Registered Arithmetic Logic Unit RAM Random Access Memory RAMAC Random Access Method of Accounting and Control [ IBM disk storage system 1956 ] RAMDAC Random-Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter RAMS Reliability And Maintainability Symposium RAP Robert A. Pease [ famous author of 'Electronic Design' magazine's column 'Pease Porridge' ] RAPID Reusable Application-specific Intellectual property Developers RAS Remote-Access Server RAS Row Address Strobe RASSP Rapid prototyping of Application-Specific Signal Processors ( project ) RAVE Rendering Acceleration Virtual Engine Rb Rubidium RBDS Radio Broadcast Data System RBSOA Reverse Biased Safe Operating Area [ transistor parameters ] RCCB Residual Current Circuit Breaker RBOC Regional Bell Operating Company RBT Residual Block Termination RBW Resolution BandWidth RCM Regulatory Compliance Mark ( Australia/New Zealand ) RDA Real-time Debug Agent RDAC Resistor Digital-to-Analog Converter RDBMS Relational DataBase Management System RDF Radio Direction Finding RDFC Resonant Discontinuous Forward Converter RDI Remote-Defect Indication ( ATM ) RDLL Register-controlled Delay-Locked Loop RDR Remote Data Recovery ( service Ontrack ) RDRAM Rambus DRAM RDS Radio Data System RDS Retinal Display System RECAB Radio Equipment Conformity Assessment Body Re Rhenium RegTP Regulierungsbehörde für Telekommunikation und Post [ ehemals BAPT ] RELP Residual-Excited Linear Prediction REN Remote ENable REQ Request RETMA Radio-Electronics-Television Manufacturers Association RETRVIR REmote TeleRobotic Vehicle for Intelligent Remediation RF Radio Frequency [ normally in the megahertz range ] RFA Resident Flash Array RFC Radio Frequency Choke RFC Request For Comments RFDE RF Design Environment ( Agilent/Cadence alliance product ) RFE Return From Exception RFI Radio Frequency Interference [ special case of EMI wherein the induced signal falls into the RF spectrum ] RFIC Radio Frequency Intergrated Circuit RFID Radio-Frequency IDentification RFP Radio Fixed Part ( DECT ) RFP Request For Proposal RFPI Radio Fixed Part Identity ( DECT ) RFT Request For Technology ( process ) RFU Radio Frequency Unit RGB Red Green Blue Rh Rhodium RH Relative Humidity RHG Recording Heads Group ( Seagate ) RI Ring Indicator RIAA Recording Industry Association of America RIE Reactive-Ion Etching RIM Remote Interface Modul ( code ) RINA Registro Italiano Navale RIO Redistributed Internet Object RIP Raster Image Processor RIP Requiescat In Pace RIP Routing Information Protocol [ Enables a router to exchange routing information with a neighboring router ] RIS Random Interleaved Sampling [ one method of ETS ] RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing RIX Replicated Information eXchange RIT Rochester Institute of Technology RKE Remote Key Entry RLE Run-Length Encoding ( data compression ) RLL Run-Length-Limited ( data encoding ) RLS Recursive Least Squares ( algorithm ) RM Resource Management ( ATM ) RMA Radio Manufacturers Association RMA Rate Monotonic Analysis RMG Recording Media Group ( Seagate ) RMI Remote Method Invocation RMII Reduced Media-Independent Interface RMM Read Mostly Memory RMOA Real-time Multimedia Over ATM RMON Remote Monitoring RMS Root Mean Square [ is derived from the square root of the average of the squares of the magnitudes ] RMW Read-Modify-Write ( cycle ) Rn Radon RNC Radio Network Controller RO Relaxation Oscillation ROD Rewritable Optical Disk ROI Return On Investment ROID Relative Object IDentifier ROM Read Only Memory ROOF Real-time Object-Oriented Framework ROOM Real-time Object-Oriented Modeling ( method ) ROTFL Rolling On The Floor Laughing ROW Rest Of the World [ includes all other geographies except Japan, North America, and Europe ] RP Rapid Prototyping RPC Radio-Packet Controller RPC Remote Procedure Call RPCRT Rear-Projection Cathode-Ray Tube RPE Reliable Processing Environment RPE Respiratory Protective Equipment RPG Report Program Generator RPI Remote Process Interface RPM Reliability Performance Measure RPM Remote Provisioning and Maintenance RPM Request Processing Module rpm revolutions per minute RPO Remote Power On RS Record Separator ( ASCII control code ) R&S Rohde & Schwarz RSA Rivest, Shamir and Adelman ( key ) RSC Recursive-Systematic-Convolutional ( encoder ) RSD Redundant Signed-Digit ( principle ) RSI Repetitive Strain Injury RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator RSM Remote Switching Module RSPF Reduced Standard Parasitic Format RSS Root of the Sum of the Squares [ standard technique for summing uncorrelated noise sources ] RST ReSeT RSVP ReSerVation Protocol RSX Realistic Sound eXperience RTA Run-Time Analysis RTAI Real-Time Application Interface RTAPI Real-Time API RTC Real-Time Clock RTC Research and Technolgy Center RTCA Radio Technical Commission on Aeronautics RTCM Radio Technical Committe for Maritime applications RTCP Real-time Transfer Control Protocol ( Ethernet ) RTD Resistance Temperature Detector/Device RT/DSS Real-Time/Decision-Support Service RTDX Real Time Data eXchange RTEK Real-Time Embedded Kernel RTFM Read The Fucking Manual ( net slang ) RTI Real-Time Interface RTK Real-Time Kernel RTL Register Transfer Level ( VHDL ) RTL Resistor-Transistor Logic RTMA Radio-Television Manufacturers Association RTO Return-To-One RTOS Real-Time Operating System RTP Real-time Transfer Protocol ( Ethernet ) RTS Real-Time Sequencing RTS Request To Send RTSA Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer RTSI Real-Time System Integration ( bus ) RTT Real-Time Trace RTTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment RTTY RadioTeleType RTU Real Time Unit RTX Real-Time eXtensions RTZ Return-To-Zero ( data encoding scheme ) Ru Ruthenium RVD Rapid Vapor-phase Doping RVO ReichsVesicherungsOrdnung RWTÜV Rheinisch-Westfälischer Technischer Überwachungs-Verein RX_DV Receive Data-Valid ( signal ) RX_ER Receiver Error ( signal ) s second ( time ) S Schottky ( logic ) S Siemens [ conductance, 1 S = 1 / Ohm = 1 A / V] S Sulfur [ Schwefel ] S3 Sight, Sound, Speed S/D Signal/Distortion ( ratio ) S/H Sample and Hold S/N Singnal-to-Noise ( ratio ) SA Source Address SAA Standards Association of Australia SAAF Svensk AmatörAstronomisk Förening [ Swedish Amateur Astronomer's Society ] SAB Science Advisory Board ( EPA ) SAB Self Activating Bell SAC Semi-Anechoic Chamber ( EMC ) SACCO Serial Access Communication COntroller SACD Super Audio CD ( two-layer disc ) SACVD Sub-Atmospheric Chemical Vapor Deposition ( process ) SADLL Successive-Approximation DLL SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFE Secure Application Front End SAIC Science Applications International Corporation ( San Diego CA ) SALLY Scanning Array Lens LitographY SAM Security Account Manager ( Windows NT ) SAM Sensor Array Measurement SAM Sequential Access Method SAN Storage Area Network SAN System Area Network SANDiE Self-Assembled semiconductor Nanostructures for new Devices in photonics and Electronics SANE Standard Apple Numerics Environment SANZ Standards Association of New Zealand SAPI Service-Access-Point Identifier SAPI Speech Application Programming Interface SAR Search And Rescue SAR Segmentation And Reassembly ( ATM ) SAR Specific Absorption Rate SAR Successive Approximation Register ( ADC ) SAR Synthetic-Aperture Radar SARAM Sequential Access Random Access Memory SAS Single Attach Station ( network ) SAS Subscriber Alerting Signal SASI Shugart Associates Systems Interface SAT Self-Aligned Transistor ( process ) SATER Speech-Activated Telephony E-mail Reader SATO Self-Aligned Thick Oxide SATRA Shoe and Allied Trade Research Association SAW Surface Acoustic Wave Sb Stibium [ Antimon ] SB Safety Basic SB Sound Blaster SBC Single Board Computer SBCCS Single Byte Command Code Set SBDS Smart Battery Data Specification SBF Symmetric Block Formatting SBGA Super Ball Grid Array SBIR Small Business Innovative Research SBLD Silicon Based Logic Design SBN Smart Bus Node SBP-2 Serial Bus Protocol 2 SBS Silicon Bilateral Switch SBS Smart Battery System SBT Surface-Barrier Transistor Sc Scandium SC Short Circuit SCA Subsidiary Carrier Authorization SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition SCAM Sub-Carrier Amplitude Modulation SCAM SCSI Configured AutoMatically ( SCSI-3 ) SCAN Switched Circuit Automatic Network SCAP Silent Compact Auxiliary Power SCAT Surface-Controlled Avalanche Transistor SCB SemiConductor Bridge SCB Signal Conditioning Board SCB Slot Control Block ( DECT ) SCC Serial Communication Channel SCC Serial Communications Controller SCC Smart Card Connector SCC Source Code Control ( API ) SCC Switched Capacitor Converter SCCS Source Code Control System S-CDMA Synchronous Code-Division Multiple Access SCE Single-Cotton Enamelled ( wire ) SCE Source Code Engineering SCF Switched-Capacitor Filter SCFM Sub-Carrier Frequency Modulation SCI Serial Communications Interface SCI Supply Chain Integrator SCI System Control Interrupt SCI/LVDS Scalable-Coherent-Interface LVDS SCIM Standard Computer Interface Module SCIOS Scottish Collaborative Initiative in Optoelectronic Sciences SCL Simulation Control Language SCM Supply Chain Management SCO Santa Cruz Operation ( Unix ) SCODA Scan Coherent Doppler Attachment SCOPE System Controllability Observability Partitioning Environment SCORE Satellite Computer-Operated Readiness Equipment SCORE Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment SCP Serial Control Port SCP Service Control Point SCPI Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments ( IEEE-488.2 ) SCR Silicon-Controlled Rectifier SCR System Call Router ( S.100 S.300 ) SCS Scalable Command Set SCS Signal Conditioning System SCS Silicon-Controlled Switch SCSA Signal Computing System Architecture ( standard ) SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface SCT Signal Cable Terminator SCV Supply Chain Visibility SCWT Short Circuit Withstand Time SCXI Signal Conditioning eXtension for Instrumentation SD Secure Digital ( memory card ) SDAI Standard Data Access Interface ( STEP ) SDC Sigma-Delta Converter SDE Software Development Engine SDE Software Development Environment SDF Standard Delay Format SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDI Scan-Data Input SDI Serial Data In SDI Serial Digital Interface SDJI Submerged Double Jet Impingement ( method ) SDK Software Developer's Kit SDLA Successive Detection Logarithmic Amplifier SDLC Synchronous Data Link Control SDLVA Successive Detection Logarithmic Video Amplifier SDM Shape Deposition Manufacturing SDM Space Division Multiplex SDMA Space Division Multiple Access SDMF Single Data Message Format SDMI Secure Digital Music Initiative SDO Scan-Data Output SDO Serial Data Out SDO Service Data Object ( CAN ) SDP Software Data Protection SDR Software-Defined Radio SDRAM Synchronous DRAM SDS Smart Distributed Systems SDS Software Development Systems ( Oak Brook IL ) SDSC San Diego Supercomputer Center SDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Loop SDTV Standard-Definition TeleVision SDU Service Data Unit ( network ) Se Selen SE Single-Ended ( output ) SEAM Scientific & Engineering Applications of the Macintosh ( symposium ) SEAM Smart Enterprise Asset Management SEB Single Event Burnout SEC Single Edge Contact SEC Switched Ethernet Controller SECAM Systeme Electronique Couleur Avec Mémoire ( French video standard ) SECDEC Single Error Correction Double Error Detection SECOFI Subsecretaria de Negociaciones Comerciales Internationales SED Surface-conduction Electron-emitter Display SEE Single Event Effect SEGR Single Event Gate Rupture SEI Software Engineering Institute SEL SELect SELCAL SELective CALling SELV Safety Extra Low Voltage SEM Scanning Electron Microscope SEMA Storage Equipment Manufacturers' Association SEMI Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International ( trade association ) SEMKO Svenska Elektriska MaterielKOntrollanstalten SEMM Single Electron MOS Memory SEP Single Entry Point SEPIC Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter SERDES SERializer/DESerializer SERT Space Electric Rocket Test SESAR Switched Ethernet Segmentation And Reassembly SET Secure Electronics Transaction SETI Searching for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligences SEV Schweizerischer Elektrotechnischer Verein SEV SekundärElektronenVervielfacher SFC Sequential Function Chart SFC Shannon-Farro Coding ( data compression ) SFC Switch Fabric Controller ( S.300 ) SFDR Spurious-Free Dynamic Range = Störungsfreier Dynamikbereich SFF Small Form Factor ( package ) SFFPCI Small Form-Factor Personal Computer Interface SFP Short-Fault Protection SFQ Single-Flux Quantum SFR Special Function Register SG Screen Grid SGI Silicon Graphics Inc. SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language SGRAM Synchronous Graphic RAM SH Sample and Hold SH Shield SHA Sample-and-Hold Amplifier SHA Super High Aperture ( technology LCD ) SHARC Super Harvard ARchitecture Computer SHF Super High Frequency ( 3-30GHz ) Si Silicium [ Silizium ] SI Serial Input SI Shift-In ( ASCII control code ) SI Signal Integrity SI Système Internationale ( d'Unités ) [ Meter, Kilogramm, Sekunde, Ampere, Kelvin, Mol, Candela ] SIA Secondary Initialization Area SIA Semiconductor Industry Association ( Washington DC ) SIB Serial Interface Bus SiC Silicone Carbide SIC Standard Industrial Classification ( numbering code ) SICAS Semiconductor International CApacity Statistics SICL Standard Instrument Control Library ( Hewlett-Packard ) SID Service ID SID Society for Information Display SID Sub-object IDentifier SIFT Signal Integrity Filtering Technology SIG Sistema Integrado de Gestão SIG Special Interest Group SiGe Silicon-Germanium ( semiconductor compound ) SII Silicon Integration Initiative SIM Subscriber Identify Module ( GSM ) SIM System-Identification Module SIMD Single-Instruction Multiple-Data ( architecture ) SIMM Single In-Line Memory Module SIMOT SIMulation and Optimization Tool SIMOX Separation by IMplanted OXygen ( silicon-on-insulator process ) SINAD SIgnal-to-Noise ratio And Distortion SINALP Sistema Nacional de Acreditamiento de Laboratories de Pruebas ( Mexico ) SIO Serial Input/Output SIP Serial Interface Port SIP Simple Internet Protocol SIP Single In-line Package SIPP SIP Plus Protocol SIRTF Space InfraRed Telescope Facility ( University of Rochester ) SISD Single Instruction Single Data ( mode ) SIU System Interface Unit SKR System der KleinRechner SKS Single Kernel Simulation SKS Ständige Kommission für Standardisierung SLA Site Level Aggregator ( ID IPv6 ) SLAC Stanford Linear Accelerated Center ( Menlo Park, CA ) SLAM Scanning Laser Acoustic Microscope SLB Start-und-LandeBahn SLD Source Level Debugging SLD Subscriber Line Data ( interface ) SLDL System Level Design Language SLDRAM SyncLink DRAM SLI System-Level Integration SLIC Subscriber-Line Interface Circuit SLICOFI Subscriber Line Interface COdec FIlter SLIC Supplemental Logic and Interconnect Cell ( ORCA ) SLIP Serial-Line Internet Protocol SLM System-Level Macro SLS System Level Silicon Sm Samarium SM Siemens-Martin ( Stahl ) SM Surface Mount ( technology ) SMA Shared Memory Architecture SMA State Machine Analyzer SMART Selective Model Accuracy Refinement Technology SMART Self Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology SMBA Shared Memory Buffer Architecture SMB/SOHO Small or Medium Business/Small Office Home Office SMBus System Management Bus SMC Surface Mount Component SMCC Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation SMD Surface Mounted Device SMEMA Surface Mount Equipment Manufactures Association SMG Special Mobile Group ( ETSI Technical Committee ) SMI System Management Interrupt SMIF Standard Mechanical InterFace SMII Serial Media-Independent Interface SMM System Management Mode SMO Stabilized Master Oscillator SMP Symmetrical MultiProcessing SMPS Switched-Mode Power Supply SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineering/Engineers SMS Short Message Service ( GSM ) SMS Synchronous Matrix Solver SMSC Short Message Service Center ( GSM ) SMSC Standard MicroSystems Corporation ( Hauppauge NY ) SMT Software-Managed Task SMT Surface Mount Technology SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMU Source Measure Unit SMZ Soft-switched, Multi-resonant, Zero-current ( power controller ) Sn Zinn SNA Scalar Network Analyzer SNA Systems Network Architecture ( IBM protocol ) SNAFU Situation Normal - All Fucked Up SNA/SDLC Systems Network Architecture/Synchronous Data Link Control SNDCP Sub-Network-Dependent Convergence Protocol SNDR Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio SNE Single-Nylon Enamelled ( wire ) SNEWS SuperNova Early Warning System SNHC Synthetic Natural Hybrid Coding SNI Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme ( AG Paderborn Germany ) SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SNO Sudbury Neutrino Observatory ( http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/ ) SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio [ the ratio of the magnitude of the signal to that of the noise ] SNT SchaltNetzTeil SO Serial Output SO Shift-Out ( ASCII control code ) SO Small Outline SO-DIMM Small Outline Dual-in-Line Memory Module SOA Safe Operating Area ( transistor parameters ) SOC System On a Chip SOF Start Of Frame SOFC Solid Oxide Fuel Cell SOG Sea-Of-Gates ( architecture ) SOH Start Of Header ( ASCII control code ) SOHO Small Office/Home Office SOI Signal Of Interest SOI Silicon-On-Insulator ( process ) SOIC Small-Outline Integrated Circuit SOJ Small Outline with J-Lead SOLED Stacked Organic Light-Emitting Diode ( UDC ) SONET Synchronous Optical NETwork SOP Small Outline Package SOPC System On a Programmable Chip SOS Silicon-On-Sapphire ( process ) SOT Small Outline Transistor SOTA State Of The Art ( Inc. ) SOVA Soft-Output Viterbi Algorithm SP SPace ( ASCII character code ) SP Stack Pointer SPA Software Performance Analyzer ( HP ) SPA Software Publishers Association SPA System Performance Analysis ( tool ) SPARC Scalable Processor ARChitecture SPC Statistical Process Control SPCE Signal Processing Communication Engine SPCI Small Peripheral Component Interconnect SPCS Stored Program Control Switching ( system ) SPD Serial Presence Detect ( memory ) SPDT Single-Pole Double-Throw ( switch ) SPEC Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation SPEF Standard-Parasitic Extended Format SPF Standard-Parasitic Format SPG Sync Pulse Generator SPG Storage Products Group ( Seagate ) SPGA Staggered Pin Grid Array SPGA System Programmable Gate Array ( Actel ) SPI Serial Peripheral Interface ( Motorola ) SPI Service Provider Interface SPICE Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis SPL Series Processing Language SPLD Simple PLD SPP Standard Parallel Port SPOC Single-Point Orbit Calculator SPOF Single Point Of Failure SPR Special Purpose Register SPS SpeicherProgrammierbare Steuerung SPS Standard Positioning Service ( 1575.42 MHz GPS ) SPS Standby Power Supply/System SPST Single-Pole Single-Throw ( switch ) SPXO Simple Packaged Crystal Oscillator SPW Signal Processing WorkSystem sq square SQC Statistical Quality Control SQK Statistische QualitätsKontrolle SQL Structured Query Language SQPSK Staggered Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying SQTP Serialized Quick Turnaround Production SQUID Superconducting QUantum Interference Device Sr Strontium SRAM Static Random Access Memory SRC Segmentation and Reassembly Controller ( ATM ) SRC Super Reflective Color ( LCD ) SRCS Safety Related Control Systems SRD Short Range Device ( low power radio ) SRET Satellite des Recherches et Etudes Technologiques SRI Stanford Research Institute SRN Service Request Node SRO Strontium-Rubidium-Oxide SRQ Service Request SRS Sound Retrieval System SRS Stanford Research Systems ( Sunnyvale CA ) SS7 Signaling System 7 SSA Serial Storage Architecture SSA Super Self-Aligned ( SiGe process ) SSB Single Side Band SSC Single-Silk Covered ( wire ) SSC Software Systems Committee SSC Synchronous Serial Channel SSCT Surface-Stabilized Cholestric Texture ( mode LCD ) SSD Solid State Disk SSD Storage Systems Division ( IBM ) SSDA Serial Sequential Distributed Arithmetic ( technique ) SSE Source Spontaneous Emission SSET Switching System Exchange Termination SSFDC Solid State Floppy Disk Card SSFLCD Surface-Stabilized FerroElectric Liquid Crystal Display SSI Small-Scale Integration SSID Simulcast System Identification SSL Secured Sockets Layer SSM Small Semiconductor Memory SSMA Spread Spectrum Multiple Access SSOP Shrink Small Outline Package SSP Synchronous Serial Port SSR Solid-State Relay SSRAM Synchronous SRAM SST Silicon Storage Technology ( Inc., Sunnyvale, CA ) SST System Scanner Technology SSTL Stub Series Transistor Logic SSTL Series-Stub-Terminated Logic SSTS Solid-State Transfer Switch SSTV Slow-Scan TeleVision ST Strukturierter Text ( SPS ) STAR Self-Test And Repair ( memory system ) STB Set-Top Box ( TV ) STB SPARC Technology Business ( Sun ) STB Strobe STC Standard Test Conditions STE Symbolic Trajectory Evaluation STED STimulated Emission Depletion STE Symbolic Trajectory Evaluation STEP STandard for the Exchange of Product data ( ISO ) STF Straight Through Flow STI Searching for Terrestrial Intelligences STIM Smart/Standard Transducer Interface Module STL Standard Library Template STM-1 Synchronous Transport Module level 1 STN Super Twisted Nematic ( LCD ) STOL Short Take-Off and Landing [ Kurzstartflugzeug ] STP Shielded Twisted Pair STP Standard Temperature and Pressure STS Singapore Techonologies Semiconductors STTL Schottky Transistor-Transistor Logic STX Start of TeXt ( ASCII control code ) STZP Steinbeis TransferZentrum Prozessautomatisierung ( Germany ) SUB Substitute ( ASCII control code ) SUN Stanford University Network SUNY State University of New York ( Stony Brook, http://www.sunysb.edu ) SV Set Value SV System Value SVC Switched Virtual Circuit SVD Simultaneous Voice and Data ( technology ) SVF Serial Vector Format ( CPLD ) SVG Silicon Valley Group ( San Jose CA ) SVGA Super Video Graphics Array ( 800 by 600 pixels ) SVGB Super Variable Grain Block ( FPGA ) S-VHS Super VHS SVID System V Interface Definition [ AT&T's formal specification for compatibility with the UNIX operating system ] SVM Space Vector Modulation SVN Switched Virtual Networking SVPC Silicon Valley Personal Computer ( Design Conference ) SVS Supply Voltage Supervisor SW SoftWare S/W Schwarz/Weiss SWAC Single Wide-Area Connection SWAP Shared Wireless Access Protocol SWF Sudden Wave Fade-out ( phenomenon ) SWG Standard Wire Gauge SWIFT Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications SWIM Super Woz Integrated Machine [ custom IC that controls the floppy disk interface of an Apple Macintosh computer ] SWL Short-Wave Listener SWPWM Sinusoidally Weighted Pulse-Width Modulation SWR Standing-Wave Ratio SWS Single White Silk ( wire ) SWTL Surface-Wave Transmission Line SWFV SelbstWählFernVerkehr SXGA Super XGA ( 1280 by 1024 pixels ) SYEMON Simple Yet Effective Methods Operate Nicely SYN SYNchronous idle ( ASCII control code ) T Tera ( 10^12 ) T Tesla ( Magnetische Flussdichte, 1 T = 1 Wb / m^2 ) T1 Telephony level 1 ( interface 1.5 Mbit/s ) Ta Tantal TA Terminal Adapter TAAAG Type Approval Advisory Ad-hoc Group ( ISDN ) TAB Tape-Automated Bonding TAC Total Area Coverage ( system ) TAD Telephone-Answering Device TADIC Telemetry Analogue-to-Digital Information Converter TAF Technologically Advanced Family TAFUBAR Things Are Fouled Up Beyond All Recognition TAM Total Available Market TAN Technisch begründete ArbeitsNorm TAN The Audiophile Network ( http://www.TANet.com ) TANSTAAFL There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch ( net slang ) TAO Telephony Application Objects ( SCSA ) TAP Test Access Port ( JTAG ) TAPI Telephony Applications Programming Interface ( Microsoft ) TARFU Things Are Really Fouled Up TAS Telecom Analysis Systems ( Eatontown NJ ) TASI Time Assignement Speech Interpolation TAT Turn-Around Time Tb Terbium TBA To Be Announced TBC Test Bus Controller ( JTAG ) TBGA Tape Ball-Grid Array ( package ) TBR Technical Basis for Regulation TBR Time Break Recall TBTA Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority TBWP Triple-Braid WeatherProof ( wire ) Tc Technetium TC Temperature Coefficient TC Transmission Convergence ( sublayer ) TCAT Test-Coverage-Analysis Tool ( Java ) TCC Turbo Convolutional Code TCDD 2,3,7,8-TetraChloroDibenzo-p-Dioxin TCE Thermal Coefficient of Expansion TCF Technical Construction File ( EMC ) TCG Teleport Communications Group ( AT&T ) TCK Test Clock Input ( JTAG ) TCL Tool Command Language TCM Trellis-Coded Modulation TCO Total Cost of Ownership TCP Tape Carrier Package TCP Tool Center Point ( sensor ) TCP Transmission Control Protocol TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TCPR Trellis-Coded Partial Response TCR Temperature Coefficient of Resistance TCRT Thin Cathode Ray Tube TCSPC Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting TCVCXO Temperature-Compensated Voltage-Controlled Crystal Oscillator TCXO Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator TDC Tabular Data Control ( HTML ) TDC Time-to-Digital Converter TDD Time-Division Duplexing TDD Timimg-Drive Design TDEL Thick-Dielectric ElectroLuminiscence TDF Technical Data Freeway ( Inc. Concord MA ) TDF Technology Data Format ( TMA ) TDI Test Data In ( JTAG ) TDL Tunable Diode Laser TDM Time-Division Multiplex TDMA Time-Division Multiple-Access TDMS Transitional Minimized Differential Signaling TDO Test Data Out ( JTAG ) TDR Tape Drive Register ( IBM PC-AT and PS/2 ) TDR Time Domain Reflectometer TDT Time Domain Transmission TDX Time Domain Crosstalk Te Tellur TE Test Enable ( input ) TE1 Terminal Equipment 1 ( ISDN terminal ) TE2 Terminal Equipment 2 ( Non-ISDN terminal ) TEC ThermoElectric Cooler ( Peltier ) TED Transient-Enhanced Diffusion TEDS Transducer Electronic Data Sheet TEF Toxicity Equivalence Factors TEFC Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled TEG Technologie-EntwicklungsGruppe ( Fraunhofer TEG, Stuttgart, Germany ) TEI Terminal Endpoint Identifier TEK Traffic Encryption Key TEM Transmission Electron Microscope TEM Transverse Electric and Magnetic ( mode ) TERMPWR TERMinator PoWeR ( SCSI ) TETRA Trans-European Trunked Radio ( standard ) TFC Time Frequency Code TFF T type Flip-Flop TFMS Thin-Film Micro-Strip ( transmission line ) TFO Tuning Fork Oscillator T-FOLED Transparent Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diode ( UDC ) TFSOI Thin-Film Silicon-On-Insulator ( process ) TFT Thin Film Transistor ( LCD ) TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol TFTS Terrestrial Flight-Telephone System TGA Technische GebäudeAusrüstung TGL Technische ( Normen ), Gütevorschriften und Lieferbedingungen [ DDR- und Fachbereichstandards ] TGTP Tuned-Grid Tuned-Plate ( circuit ) TH Technische Hochscule THD Total Harmonic Distortion THM Total Harmonics Management ( concept ) Ti Titanium TI Texas Instruments ( Inc. Dallas TX ) TIA Telecommunications Industry Association TIA Time-Interval Analyzer TIA Totally Integrated Automation TIA TransImpedance Amplifier TICL Temperature-Induced Cable Loss TIFF Tagged Image File Format [ industry standard for bit-mapped graphic files ] TIGA Texas Instruments' Graphics Architecture TII Transducer-Independent Interface TIM Time Interval Meter TIM Traffic-Interface Manager TIN Technical Information Notice TinyTP Tiny Transport Protocoll ( IrDA ) TIPS Theory of Inventive Problem Solving TIPS Trillion Instructions Per Second TIR Total Internal Reflection TIRIS Texas Instruments Registration and Identification System TIROS Television and InfraRed Observation Satellite TKG TeleKommunikationsGesetz TKO Technische KontrollOrganisation TKZulV TeleKommunikationsZulassungsVerordnung Tl Thallium TL Turbinen-Luftstrahltriebwerk [ Strahlturbine ] TLA Top Level Aggregator ( ID IPv6 ) TLA True Logarithmic Amplifier TLB Translation Look-aside Buffer TLC Thin-Layer Chromatography TLD ThermoLuminescent Dosimeter [ crystalline material that emits light if it is heated after being exposed to radiation ] TLI Transport Layer Interface ( API, TCP/IP ) TLM TAP Linking Module TLS Transport Layer Security ( protocol ) TLS Tunable Laser Source TLV Threshold Limit Value Tm Thulium TMA Technology Modelling Associates ( Sunnyvale CA ) TMDS Transition Minimized Differential Signaling TMF Thin Metal Film ( batterie technology ) TMN Telecom Management Network TMS Test Mode Select ( JTAG ) TMSL Test and Measurement Systems Language ( HP ) TN Tennessee TN Twisted Nematic ( LCD ) TNC Threaded Neill Concelman ( connector ) TNT TriNitroToluol TO Transistor Outline TOC Table Of Contents TOD Time Of Delivery TOF Time of Filing TOF Timer OverFlow TOF Top Of Form ( printer ) TOP Trade Opportunities Program TOS Tape-Operating System TP Transaction Processing TP Twisted Pair ( 10BASE-T ) TPC Turbo Product Code TPCU Test Power Control Unit TPE ThermoPlastische Elastomere TPE Twisted Pair Ethernet TPG Test Pattern Generator TP4 Transport Protocol class 4 TPI Tracks Per Inch TPM Trusted Platform Module TPU Thermoplastisches PolyUrethan TPU Timer Processing Unit TQFP Thin Quad Flat Pack TQM Total Quality Management TQN Theoretical Quantization Noise TR Transmit/Receive ( Switch ) TRAC Telecommunications Research and Action Center ( Washington DC ) TRAPATT Trapped Plasma Avalanche Triggered Transit ( diode ) TRAU Transcoder Rate Adaption Unit TRF Tuned Radio Frequency ( receiver ) TRG Trigger ( IEEE488.2 ) TRIAC TRIode AC ( switch ) TRK Target Resident Kernel TRON The Real-time Operating system Nucleus TRP Total Radiated Power TRST# Test ReSeT input ( active low ) TS Transparent Substrate ( LED ) TS Transport Stream TSA Time Slot Assigner TSAPI Telephony Services Application Programming Interface ( Novell & AT&T ) TSB Technical Systems Bulletin ( TIA ) TSB Telecommunications Standards Board TSC Target System Controller TSC Technical Support Centre TSI Time Slot Interchange (switch ) TSLP Thin Small Leadless Package TSMC Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company TSO Test Suit Operation ( DECT ) TSOP Thin Small Outline Package TSPC True Single-Phase Clocked ( logic ) TSR Temperature Sensing Resistor TSR Terminate-and-Stay-Resident ( program ) TSSOP Thin Shrink Small Outline Package TSU Time Slot Unit TTA Time-Triggered Architecture ( Esprit Open Microprocessor Systems Initiative ) TTCN Tree & Tabular Combined Notation [ ISO standard conformance test language ] TTE Telecommunications Terminal Equipment TTFF Time To First Fix ( GPS ) TTL Through-The-Lens TTL Time-To-Live ( field, IP ) TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic TTP Time-Triggered Protocol ( Esprit Open Microprocessor Systems Initiative ) TTP/C Time-Triggered Protocol class C version [ Class C application is safety critical, without a mechanical back-up ] TTS Text To Speech ( software engine ) TTY TeleTYpe TU Technische Universität TUBA TCP/UDP with Bigger Addresses ( protocol IPv9 ) TUCZ Technische Universität Chemnitz-Zwickau ( Germany ) TUHH Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg ( Germany ) TV TeleVision TVL TeleVision Lines TVS Transient Voltage Suppressor TVSOP Thin Very Small Outline Package TWA Time-Weighted Average TWA Travelling Wave Amplifier TWD TaiWan Dollar TWT Travelling-Wave Tube TX Texas TX_ER Transmit Error ( signal ) TÜ Technische Überwachung TÜV Technischer Überwachungs-Verein U Uranium UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter UAV Unmanned Airborne Vehicle UAWG Universal ADSL Working Group UBC University of British Columbia ( Vancouver, Canada ) UBR Unspecified Bit Rate ( ATM ) UBT Universal Bus Transceiver UCA2 Utility Communications Architecture version 2 ( IEEE standard ) UCAID University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development UCCE University Consortium for Continuing Education UCD Upstream Channel Description UCE Union Carbide Electronics UCLA University of California, Los Angeles UCSD University of California, San Diego UDC Universal Display Corporation ( Bala Cynwyd PA ) UDCP USSD Dialogue Control Protocol ( GSM ) UDF User Definable Font UDL Uniformly Distributed Load UDP User Datagram Protocol [ A TCP complement that offers a connectionless datagram service that guarantees neither delivery nor correct sequencing of delivered packets (much like IP) ] UDWDM Ultra-Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing [ 1022 channels of 37 Mbits/s on a single fiber, 37 Gbits/s network demonstrated by researchers from Bell Labs ] UEL Upper Explosive Limit UES User Electronic Signature UFO Unidentified Flying Object UFPT Ultra Fine Pitch Technology UFS Ultra-Fast Switching UHCI Universal Host Controller Interface UHD Ultra-High Density UHF Ultra-High Frequency ( 300MHz-3GHz ) UHS Ultra-High Speed UHV UltraHigh Vacuum UHV/CVD Ultra-High Vacuum Chemical Vapor Deposition UI Unit Interval ( SCSI ) UIC Union Internationale des Chemins de fer [ Internationaler Verband der normalspurigen europäischen Eisenbahnen ] UIF USB Interface Firmware UIFN Universal International Freephone Number UIO Universal InterOperability UIOC Universal I/O Controller UIS Unclamped Inductive Switching UJT UniJunction Transistor UL Underwriters' Laboratories UL Unit Load ULA Uncommitted Logic Array ULC Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada ULC Universal Logic Circuit ULI Upper Level Interface ( ASAM ) ULP Ultra Low Power ULP Upper Level Protocol ULPM Universal Linear Power Module ULS Unknown Line State UMA Unified Memory Architecture UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband UMC United Microelectronics Corporation ( Taiwan ) UML Unified Modeling Language ( OO ) UML Universal Modeling Language UMS Unified Messaging Server UMTS Universal Mobile Telecom Services UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System UNC Unified Coarse ( thread ) UNC Universal Naming Convention UNC University of North Carolina ( at Chapel Hill, www.unc.edu ) UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNF Unified Fine ( thread ) UNH IOL University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory UNI User Network Interface U-NII Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure UNM University of New Mexico ( Albuquerque NM ) UNS Unified Special ( thread ) UPC Usage Parameter Control UPROM Unerasable Programmable Read-Only Memory UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply/System UPS United Parcel Service UR UltraRot ( = IR ) URAN Universally Reconstructable Artificial Neural ( network ) URL Universal Resource Locator URS Unifiziertes RegelungsSystem US Unit Separator ( ASCII control code ) USA United States of America USAC United States Auto Club USART Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter USB Universal Serial Bus USB Upper SideBand USBPG Universal Serial Bus Promoter Group USCAR United States Council for Automotive Research USDA United States Department of Agriculture USDC United States Display Consortium USIC User-Specific Integrated Circuit USOC Universal Service Ordering Codes USPS United States Postal Services USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data ( GSM ) USTR United States Trade Representative USV Unterbrechungsfreie StromVersorgung UT Universal Time UT Utah UTC Universal Time Coordinated UTE Union Technique de l'Electricité UTI Universal Test Interface UTI Universal Transducer Interface UTM Ultra Thin Multilayer ( board ) UTOPIA Universal Test and Operations Physical layer Interface to ATM UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair UTQFP Ultra Thin Quad Flat Pack UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access UTSLP Ultra Thin Small Leadless Package UUT Unit Under Test UV UltraViolet [ Ultraviolett, Spektralbereich elektromagnetischer Wellen mit Wellenlängen zwischen 1,0 und 390 nm ] UVLO UnderVoltage LockOut UWB Ultra Wide Band UXGA Ultra XGA ( 1600 by 1200 pixels ) V Vanadium V Volt ( voltage ) VA Virginia VA Volt-Amperes VABS Vehicle ABStraction ( software module ) VAC Vacuumschmelze ( GmbH Hanau Germany; Corporation Oklahoma City OK ) VAC Volts Alternating Current VAFC VESA Advanced Feature Connector VAFE Voice Audio FrontEnd VAM Voltage Amplitude Modulation ( LCD ) VAN Vehicle Area Network VAR Value-Added Reseller VATM Verband der Anbieter von Telekommunikations- und Mehrwertdiensten ( e.V. Köln Germany ) VATP Vector Adaptive Transform Processing VB Vibrator VBAFE Voice-Band Analogue Front End VBAP Voice-Band Audio Processor VBE/AF VESA BIOS Extensions/Accelerator Functions VBE/FP VESA BIOS Extensions/Flat-Panel VBM Virtual Block Map VBNS Very-high Bandwidth Network Service VBR Variable Bit Rate ( ATM ) VC Varnished-Cambric ( insulated wire ) VC Vector Controlled ( drive ) VC Venture Capital VC Virtual Channel VC Virtual Circuit ( ATM ) VC Virtual Component VCA Voltage-Controlled Amplifier VCB Volume Control Block VCC Virtual Channel Connection ( LANE ) VCC Virtual Component Codesign VCC Voice-Controlled Carrier V-Chip Violence Chip ( TV ) VCI Virtual Channel Identifier ( ATM ) VCM Verilog Model Compiler VCM Virtual Channel Memory VCO Voltage-Controlled Oscillator VCP Video Communications Processor V-CPU Virtual CPU VCR Video Cassette Recorder VCR Voltage-Controlled Resistor VCS Voice Control System VCSDRAM Virtual Channel Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory ( NEC ) VCSEL Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser VCX Virtual Component eXchange VCXO Voltage-Controlled Crystal Oscillator VDC Venture Development Corporation ( Natick MA ) VDC Volts Direct Current VDE Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker VDEW Vereinigung Deutscher ElektrizitätsWerke VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure VDI Virtual Diagonal Interconnect ( scheme ) VdL Verband der Leiterplattenindustrie VDMA Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau VDR Voltage-Dependent Resistor VDS Voltage Detection System VDSL Very high-speed Digital Subscriber Loop VDSL Very high bitrate Digital Subscriber Line VDSM Very Deep SubMicron ( technology < 0.18µm ) VDX Vehicle Distributed eXecutive VEC Virtual Embedded Circuitry VEE Visual Engineering Environment ( HP ) VELab Virtual Environments Labor ( HLRS ) VES Vision-Enhancing System VES VollElektrische Glasschmelze VESA Video Electronics Standards Association VFA Voltage Feedback Amplifier VFD Vacuum Fluorescent Display VFD Variable-Frequency Drive VFI Video Firmware Interface VFO Variable-Frequency Oscillator VGA Variable-Gain Amplifier VGA Video Graphics Array ( 640 by 480 pixels ) VGB Variable-Grain Block ( FPGA ) VGC Video-Graphics Controller VHC Very High-speed CMOS VHDCI Very-High-Density Cable Interconnect VHDL VHSIC Hardware-Description Language VHDM Very High Density Metric ( connector ) VHF Very High Frequency ( 30-300MHz ) VHS Vertical Helical Scan [ video recording standard ] VHSIC Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit VI VHDL International ( San Jose CA ) VI Virtual Instrument ( LabVIEW ) VIA Versatile Interface Adapter VICS Vehicle Information & Communication System VID Voltage Identification ( code ) VIP Vertically Integrated PNP ( process ) VIP Video Interface Palette VIP Video Interface Port VIP Visual Interactive Profiler VIPP Verified Interconnect Process Parameters VIRGE VIdeo and Rendering Graphics Engine ( S3 ) VIS Visual Instruction Set ( SPARC ) VIS Voltage Indicating System VISA Virtual Instruments Software Architecture VISSR Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer VITA VMEbus International Trade Association VITAL VHDL Initiative Towards ASIC Libraries VITS Vertical Interval Test Signal VIUF VHDL International User's Forum VK VergaserKraftstoff VLA Voltage Limiting Amplifier VLC Visual Logic Controller VLED Visible Light Emitting Diode VLES Variable Length Execution Set VLF Very Low Frequency ( waves, 3-30kHz ) VLIW Very Long Instruction Word VLSI Very Large Scale Integration VM Virtual Machine VME Versatile Modular E-bus ( VERSAbus-E ) VMI Video Module Interface VMIC VME Microsystems International Corporation ( Huntsville AL ) VMIP VXIbus Modular Instrumentation Platform VMM Virtual MultiMeter VMTP Versatile Message Transaction Protocol VNA Vector Network Analyzer V-NIC antiViral Network Interface Card VOA Variable Optical Attenuator VoATM Voice over ATM VOC Volatile Organic Compound VODAT Voice-Operated Device for Automatic Transmission VOE Variable Optical Equalizer VOFDM Vector Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplex ( broadband fixed-wireless technology ) VoDSL Voice over DSL VoFR Voice over Frame Relay VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol VOL VOlume Label VoN Voice over Networks VOP Video Object Plane ( MPEG-4 ) VP Virtual Path ( ATM ) VPC Virtual Product Console VPC Voice Processing Corporation ( Cambridge MA ) VPCI Virtual Path Connection Identifier VPE Video-Processing Element VPEC Virginia Power Electronics Center ( Blacksburg VA ) VPI Virtual Path Identifier ( ATM ) VPI Visual Programming Interface VPL Visual Programming Language VPM Video Port Manager VPM Virtual Product Modelling VPN Virtual Private Network [ A remote LAN that can be accessed through the Internet by using PPTP ] VPS Vapor Phase Soldering VPS Video Playback System VPW Variable Pulse Width VQFP Very-thin Quad Flat Pack VR Virtual Reality VR Voltage Regulator ( tube ) VRM Voltage Regulator Module VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language VROOMM Virtual Runtime Object-Oriented Memory Manager VRP Voice Recognition Processor ( OKI ) VSAT Very Small Aperture ( satellite ) Transceiver/Terminal VSC Voltage-Supply Converter VSD Variable-Speed Drive VSELP Vector-Sum-Excited Linear Prediction VSI Verband der SoftwareIndustrie ( Deutschlands, Germany ) VSI Virtual Socket Interface VSIA Virtual Socket Interface Alliance ( San Jose CA ) VSO VITA Standards Organization VSOP Very-Small Outline Package VSP Virtual Single Processor ( model ) VSP Virtual Software Processor VSP/TAP Virtual Software Processor/Target Access Probe VSQ VergleichsStrahlungsQuelle ( EMV ) VSSI Very Small Scale Integration VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio VT Vacuum Tube VT Vertical Tabulator ( ASCII control code ) VTC Vehicular Technology Conference VTL VISA Transition Library VTP Virtual Terminal Protocol [ Telnet, a terminal emulation protocol for logging on to remote computers ] VTOA Voice and Telephony Over ATM VTOA Voice Traffic Over ATM VTOL Vertical Take-Off and Landing [ Senkrechtstartflugzeug ] VTVM Vacuum Tube VoltMeter VU Volume Unit ( indicator ) VUD Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland ( Germany ) VUMA VESA Unified Memory Architecture VVA Voltage-Variable Attenuator VVC Voltage-Variable Capacitance VVM Variable Voltage Material VXC Voice eXchange Card VXI VME eXtensions for Instrumentation W Watt [ electrical power, 1 W = 1 J / s ] W Wolfram W3C World Wide Web Consortium WA Washington WAAS Wide-Area Augmentation System [ GPS data correction service ] WAE Wireless Application Environment WAIS Wide-Area Information Server [ A network publishing system designed to help users find information over a computer network ] WAN Wide Area Network [ A communications network that connects geographically separated areas ] WAO Wissenschaftliche ArbeitsOrganisation WAP Wireless Application Protocol WARP Weight Associative Rule Processor WATS Wide-Area Telephone Service Wb Weber [ Magnetischer Fluss, 1 Wb = 1 V * s ] WBEM Web-Based Enterprise Management WBTBGA Wire Bond Tape Ball Grid Array WCD Wireless Communications Division W-CDMA Wideband Code-Division Multiple-Access WCMP Wireless Control Message Protocol WCPE Wireless Customer-Premise Equipment WCS Writable Control Store WD Western Digital WDF Wave Digital Filter WDM Wavelength-Division Multiplexing ( network ) WDM Windows Driver Model WDP Wireless Datagram Protocol WDT Watchdog Timer WDX Wave-length Dispersive X-ray WECC Western European Calibration Cooperation WEEE Waste in Electronics and Electrical Equipment ( directive for leadless manufacturing processes ) WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy WFC Windows Foundation Classes ( Java ) WFM Wired For Management ( Intel initiative ) WGMA Wissenschaftlich-technische Gesellschaft für Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik WHO World Health Organisation WHQL Windows Hardware Quality Lab WI Wisconsin WIG Wolfram-InertGas ( Schweissen ) [ Schmelzschweissverfahren mit nicht abschmelzender Wolframelektrode in einer inerten Schutzgasatmosphäre ] WIG Workgroup Internet Gateway WILCO WILl COmply WINHEC WINdows Hardware Engineering Conference WINLAB Wireless Information Networking LABoratory ( New Brunswick NJ ) WIP Work In Progress WITS Workshop on Internet Technology & Systems WiUSB Wireless USB WLAN Wireless Local Area Network WLL Wireless Local Loop WML Wireless Markup Language W-OFDM Wideband Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing WORA Write Once, Run Anywhere ( architecture ) WORM Write Once, Ready Many times WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network WPB Write-Per-Bit ( function ) WRAM Window RAM WRB Web Request Broker WRS Wind River Systems WSC Winter Simulation Conference WSG Wait-State Generator WSI WaferScale Integration ( Inc. Fremont CA ) WSM Write State Machine WSP Wireless Session Protocol WSPW WaferStarts Per Week WSS Windows Sound System WSTS World Semiconductor Trade Statistics WTA Wireless Telephony Application WTLS Wireless Transport Layer Security WTO World Trade Organization WTP Wireless Transaction/Transfer Protocol WUXGA Wide Ultra XGA ( 1900 by 1200 pixels ) WV Working Voltage WVLAN Wireless Virtual LAN WWW World Wide Web WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get WZB WissenschaftsZentrum für Sozialforschung ( Berlin Germany ) XBIU eXternal Bus-Interface Unit XCVR Transceiver XDR eXternal Data Representation Xe Xenon XGA eXtended Graphics Adaptor ( 1024 by 768 pixels ) XIP eXecute In Place Xmit transmit XML eXtensible Markup Language XNF Xilinx Netlist Format XO Crystal Oscillator XOR eXclusive-Or XPDS Xerox Professional Document Services XPLA eXtended Programmable Logic Array ( Philips ) XRAM eXtended RAM ( µC ) XSVF Xilinx Serial Vector Format Xtal crystal Y Yttrium Y2K Year 2000 YACC Yet Another Compiler Compiler YAFIYGI You Asked For It, You Got It YAG Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet ( crystal ) YAG:Nd Yttrium Aluminum Garnet:Neodym ( LASER ) Yb Ytterbium YBCO Yttrium, Barium, Copper, and Oxygen ( superconducting compound ) Y/C Y(luminance)-Chrominance ( signal ) YGaIG Yttrium Gallium Iron Garnet YIG Yttrium Iron Garnet YUV (Y)luminance and (U,V)chrominance ( color space standard ) ZAB Zweistufiger hydromechanischer AuswerferBeschleuniger ZBBS Zilog Bulletin Board Service ZBT Zero Bus Turnaround ( memory ) ZCAV Zone Constant Angular Velocity ZEBRA Zero Energy Breeder Reactor Assembly ZIA Zero-power Interconnect Array ZIF Zero Insertion Force ZIF Zero Intermediate Frequency [ receiver = direct-conversion receiver ] ZIP Zigzag-In-line Package ZIP Zone Improvement Plan ( code ) ZMD Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden ( GmbH Dresden Germany ) Zn Zink ZnO Zinc Oxide Zr Zirkonium ZTA Zirconia Toughened Alumina ( ceramic ) ZTAT Zero Turn Around Time ZTK ZwischenkreisTrennKlemme ZTL ZweistromTurbinen-Luftstrahltriebwerk ZTU Zeit-Temperatur-Umwandlungsschaubild ZV ZentralVerriegelung ZV Zoom Video ( interface ) ZVEI ZentralVerband Elektrotechnik- und ElektronikIndustrie ( Germany ) ZVS Zero Voltage Switching ZVS HB Zero Voltage Switched Half Bridge ( converter ) ZVT Zero Voltage Transition ( switching ) ZWS Zero Wait State µ micro ( 10^-6 ) µBGA Micro Ball Grid Array µC MicroComputer µCBIC MicroController Cell-Based Integrated Circuit µCE MicroCombinatorial Element ( FPGA ) µP MicroProcessor -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------