RADIO AMATEUR EXAM
GENERAL CLASS
CHAPTER- 1 BASIC ELECTRICITY
1.1 ELECTRIC CHARGE
1.1.1 COULOMB (C)
1.2 ELECTRIC CURRENT (AMPERE)
1.3 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (E.M.F.)
1.3.1 POTENTIAL Difference (P.D.)
1.3.2 E.M.F. and VOLTAGE
1.4 CONDUCTORS & INSULATORS
1.4.1 GOOD & POOR CONDUCTORS
1.5 RESISTANCE
1.5.1 RESISTIVITY
1.5.2 RELATIVE RESISTIVITY
1.5.2.1 Relative Resistivity of Metals
1.6 D.C. AND A.C.
1.6.1 DIRECT CURRENT (D.C.)
1.6.2 ALTERNATING CURRENT (A.C.)
1.7 OHM'S LAW
1.8 RESISTORS
1.8.1 TYPES OF RESISTORS
1.8.2 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
1.8.3 COMBINATIONS OF RESISTORS
1.8.3.1 Series Combinations
1.8.3.2 Parallel Combinations
1.10 ENERGY AND POWER
1.10.1 ENERGY
1.10.2 POWER
1.11.1 PROPERTIES OF THE IONOSPHERE.
1.11.1.1 ABSORPTION
1.11.1.2 REFRACTION
1.11.1.3 REFLECTION
1.11.2 CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS OF THE IONOSPHERE
1.11.2.1 D-LAYER
1.11.2.2 E-LAYER
1.11.2.3 F-LAYER
1.11.2.4 ANGLE OF RADIATION
1.11.2.5 GROUND WAVE
1.11.2.6 CRITICAL ANGLE
1.11.2.7 SKIP DISTANCE and SKIP ZONE
1.11.2.8 CRITICAL FREQUENCY
1.11.2.9 MAXIMUM USABLE FREQUENCY ( m.u.f. )
1.11.2.10 SUN-SPOT CYCLE
1.11.3 PROPAGATION IN THE HF BANDS
1.11.3.1 160m-band (1.8-2.0 MHz)
1.11.3.2 80m-band (3.5-3.8 MHz)
1.11.3.3 40m-band (7.0-7.1 MHz)
1.11.3.4 20m-band (14.0-14.35 MHz)
1.11.3.5 15m-band (21.0-21.45 MHz)
1.11.3.6 10m-band (28.0-29.7 MHz)
2.1 SINE-WAVE
2.1.1 OTHER TYPES OF WAVES
2.2 CURRENT, E.M.F & POWER IN A.C
2.2.1 PEAK VALUE
2.2.2 INSTANTANEOUS VALUE
2.2.3 R.M.S VALUE (ROOT MEAN SQUARE)
2.2.4 POWER IN A.C. CIRCUITS
2.3 CAPACITANCE
2.3.1 CAPACITOR (CONDENSER)
2.3.2 PROPERTIES OF CAPACITORS
2.3.3 FARAD (unit of capacitance)
2.3.4 FACTORS AFFECTING FOR THE CAPACITANCE
2.3.4.1 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
2.3.4.2 BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
2.3.5 PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
2.3.6 TYPES OF-CAPACITORS
2.3.6.1 Variable capacitors
2.3.6.2 Fixed capacitor
2.3.7 COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS
2.3.7.1 PARALLEL COMBINATION
2.3.7.2 SERIES COMBINATION
2.3.7.3 TWO CAPACITORS IN SERIES
2.3.7.4 SEVERAL NUMBERS OF EQUAL CAPACITORS IN SERIES
2.3.8 ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR
2.4 INDUCTANCE
2.4.1 THE UNIT OF INDUCTANCE – HENRY
2.4.2 FACTORS AFFECTING FOR THE INDUCTANCE
2.4.3 INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE LAYER COIL
2.4.4 INDUCTANCE IN SERIES
2.4.5 INDUCTANCE IN PARALLEL
2.4.6 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
2.4.7 ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR
2.5 TIME CONSTANT
2.5.1 TIME-CONSTANT FOR C-R CIRCUITS
2.5.1.1 FORMULA FOR TIME-CONSTANT
2.5.2 TIME-CONSTANT FOR L-R CIRCUITS
2.5.2.1 FORMULA FOR THE TIME-CONSTANT
3.1 REACTANCE (X)
3.1.1 CAPACITIVE REACTANCE (XC)
3.1.2 INDUCTIVE REACTANCE (XL)
3.1.3 REACTANCES IN SERIES & PARALLEL
3.2 PHASE & PHASE ANGLE
3.2.1 PHASE DIFFERANCE FOR CAPACITOR
3.2.2 PHASE DIFFERANCE FOR INDUCTANCE
3.2.3 PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE
3.3 IMPEDANCE (Z)
3.3.1 OHM'S LAW FOR IMPEDANCE
3.4 RESONANCE
3.4.1 SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT
3.4.1.1 RESONANCE FREQUENCY
3.4.1.2 RESONANCE CURVE
3.4.1.3 Q-FACTOR (quality factor)
For series resonance circuit
3.4.1.3.1 Another formula for
Q-factor
3.4.1.4 SELECTIVITY
3.4.1.5 VOLTAGE RISE AT RESONANCE
3.4.2 PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUITS
3.4.2.1 Q-FACTOR FOR PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUITS
3.4.3 APPLICATIONS OF RESONANCE CIRCUITS
3.4.3.1 SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUITS
3.4.3.2 PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUITS
3.5 TRANSFORMERS
3.5.1 VOLTAGE & TURNS RATIO
3.5.2 EFFICIENCY & POWER
3.5.3 CURRENT & TURNS RATIO
3.5.3.1 MAGNATIZING CURRENT
3.5.4 AUTOTRANSFORMER
3.6 THE DECIBEL
3.6.1 COMPARISON OF POWER RATIOS
3.6.2 COMPARISON OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RATIOS
3.6.3 ABSOLUTE VALUE FOR DECIBEL
3.6.3.1 ABSOLUTE VALUE FOR ACOUSTIC
3.6.3.2 ABSOLUTE VALUE FOR POWER GAIN
(dBW and dBm)
3.6.3.3 ABSOLUTE VALUE FOR VOLTAGE GAIN
(dBV , dBµV)
3.7 POWER FACTOR
3.7.1 POWER FACTOR FOR RESISTOR AND
INDUCTOR
3.7.2 COSφ
EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER-3
4.1 VACUUM TUBE (VALVE)
4.1.1 THERMIONIC ENISSION
4.1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF VALVES
4.1.2.1 DIODE VALVE
4.1.2.1.1 RECTIFICATION
4.1.2.2 TRIODE VALVE
4.1.2.3 TETRODE VALVE
4.1.2.4 CATHODE RAY TUBE
4.1.3 VACUUM TUBE AMPLIFIER
4.2 SOLID STATE BASICS
4.2.1 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE
4.2.1.1 TYPES OF DIODES
4.2.1.2 VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF DIODE
4.2.1.3 DIODE AS A RECTIFIER
4.2.1.4 DIODE AS A GATE
4.2.1.5 ZENAR DIODE
4.2.1.6 LED
4.2.2 TRANSISTOR
4.2.2.1 POWER AMPLIFICATION
4.2.2.2 CURRENT AMPLIFICATION FACTOR
4.2.2.3 MAXIMUM RATINGS
4.2.2.4 TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
4.2.2.5 CLASSES OF AMPLIFIERS
4.2.2.5.1 CLASS-A AMPLIFIER
4.2.2.5.2 CLASS-B AMPLIFIER
5.1 RECEIVER
5.1.1 RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS
5.1.1.1 SENSITIVITY
5.1.1.2 SELECTIVITY
5.1.1.3 STABILITY
5.1.2 REGENARATIVE RECEIVER
5.1.3 DIRECT CONVERTION RECEIVER
5.1.4 SUPER HETERODYNE RECEIVER
5.1.4.1 RF STAGE
5.1.4.2 OSCILLATOR STAGE
5.1.4.3 MIXER STAGE
5.1.4.4 IF STAGE
5.1.4.5 DETECTOR STAGE
5.1.4.6 AF STAGE
5.1.4.7 AGC
5.1.4.8 IMPROVING THE RECEIVER PERFOMANCE
5.2 MODULATION & DEMODULATION
5.2.1 MODULATION SYSTEMS
5.2.1.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
5.2.1.2 FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)
5.2.1.3 SINGLE SIDE BAND (SSB)
5.3 TRANSMITTER
5.3.1 CRYSTAL OSCLLATOR
5.3.2 VARIABLE FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR (VFO)
5.3.3 FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER
5.3.4 TYPES OF AMPLIFIERS (for HF)
5.3.5 TRANSMITTER TUNING AND ADJUSTMENTS
5.3.5.1 GRID TUNING
5.3.5.2 ANODE TUNING
5.3.5.3 LOAD TUNING
5.4 CODE TRANSMISSION
5.4.1 KEYING CHARACTERISTICS
5.4.1.1 ENVILOP SHAPE
5.4.1.2 KEY CLICKS (RF CLICKS)
5.4.1.3 CHIRP
5.4.1.4 SPACER WAVE or BACK WAVE
5.4.2 KEYING METHODS
5.4.2.1 HT SUPPLY KEYING
5.4.2.2 CATHODE KEYING
5.4.2.3 GRIDE KEYING
5.4.2.4 SCREEN GRID KEYING
5.4.2.5 KEYING FOR SOLID STATE TX
5.4.3 BREAK-IN
5.5 TYPES OF EMISSION
6.1 TRANSMISSION LINE
6.1.1 SINGLE WIRE FEEDER
6.1.2 PARALLEL WIRE LINE
6.1.3 COAXIAL LINE
6.1.4 CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE
6.1.4.1 HOW TO MEASURE THE CHARACTERISTIC IMPEADENCE
6.1.5 VELOCITY FACTOR
6.1.6 STANDING WAVES
6.1.7 STANDING WAVE RATIO (SWR)
6.1.8 REFLECTION COEFFICIENT
6.1.9 RELATION BETWEEN SWR AND R.C.
6.1.10 RELATION BETWEEN SWR AND VOLTAGE
6.1.11 RELATION BETWEEN SWR AND POWER
6.2 ANTENNAS
6.2.1 PROPERTIES OF ANTENNAS
6.2.1.1 RESONANCE OF AN ANTENNA
6.2.1.2 RADIATION
6.2.1.3 POLARIZATION
6.2.1.4 DIRECTIVITY
6.2.1.5 ANTENNA GAIN
6.2.1.6 RADIATION RESISTANCE
(ANTENNA IMPEDANCE)
6.2.1.7 FREE SPACE WAVE LENGTH
6.2.2 TYPES OF ANTENNAS
6.2.2.1 LONG WIRE ANTENNA
(HARMONIC ANTENNA)
6.2.2.2 DIPOLE ANTENNA
6.2.2.2.1 SIMPLE DIPOLE
6.2.2.2.2 FULL WAVE DIPOLE
6.2.2.2.3 LOADED DIPOLE
6.2.2.2.4 OFF CENTER DIPOLE
6.2.2.3 VERTICAL ANTENNA
6.2.2.4 LOOP ANTENNA
6.2.2.4.1 CIRCULAR LOOP
6.2.2.4.2 QUAD LOOP
6.2.2.4.3 DELTA LOOP
6.2.2.4.4 MAGNETIC LOOP
6.2.2.5 QUAD (CUBICAL QUAD) ANTENNA
6.2.2.6 YAGI ANTENNA
6.2.2.7 QUAGI ANTENNA
6.2.2.8 PARABOLIC ANTENNA
6.2.2.9 RECEIVING ANTENNAS
7.1 TEST EQUIPMENT & MEASUREMENTS
7.1.1 GALVANOMETER
7.1.2 AMMETER
7.1.3 VOLT METER
7.1.4 OHM METER
7.1.5 MULTIMETER
7.1.5.1 DIGITAL MULTIMETER
7.1.6 FREQUENCY COUNTER
7.1.7 DIP METER (GDO)
7.1.8 OSCILLOSCOPE
7.1.9 RF MILLIAMMETER
7.2 POWER MEASURMENTS
7.2.1 SWR AND POWER METER
EXERCISES
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 EMISSION DESIGNATORS
8.2.1 FIRST CHARACTER (letter)
8.2.2 SECOND CHARACTER (number)
8.2.3 THIRD CHARACTER (letter)
8.2.4 EMISSION TYPES (summary)
8.3 REGULATIONS
8.3.1 APPLICATION
8.3.2 APPLICANT
8.3.3 ISSUING THE LICENCE
Table-8.1
8.3.3.1 CALL SIGN
8.3.4 VALIDITY AND RENEWAL
8.3.5 NOVICE CLASS LICENCE
Table-8.2
8.3.6 GENERAL CLASS LICENCE
8.3.7 ADVANCED CLASS LICENCE
Table-8.3
8.3.8 LICENCE FOR FOREIGNERS
8.3.9 CLUB STATIONS
8.3.10 LOCATION
8.3.11 MOBILE LICENCE
8.3.12 EMERGENCY
8.3.13 LOG BOOK
8.3.14 INTERFERENCE
8.3.15 REPEATER AND BEACON
8.3.16 TYPE OF MESSAGE AND LANGUAGE
8.3.17 NOT TO DO
8.3.18 TESTING
8.3.19 INSPECTION OF THE STATION
8.3.20 DISTRESS SIGNALS
Table-8.4 (RF allocations for VHF & UHF-Gen. & Adv.)
8.4 OPERATING PROCEDURES
8.4.1 STATION SETUP
8.4.2 HF OPERATION
8.4.2.1 CW OPERATION
8.4.2.2 CQ CALL
8.4.2.2.1 EXAMPLES FOR CQ CALLS
8.4.2.3 DIRECTIONAL CALL
EXERCISES for Chapter-8
Abbreviations
Readability
Strength
Tone