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INDONESIAN PEOPLE


Indonesian Young Children Children in Indonesia, the world's fifth most populous nation. The population of Indonesia continues to increase rapidly, adding some 2.5 million persons annually, reflecting one of the highest birthrates in Asia.   [Tony Stone Worldwide Photo Library]

Indonesia has one of the most ethnically diverse populations in the world. More than 300 distinct groups are recognized. The largest is the Javanese, who constitute 40-50% of the total population and form the majority on densely populated Java. Sundanese in western Java make up about 15% of the total population, and the Madurese, on Madura, an estimated 5%. Smaller, but regionally important, ethnic peoples include the BALINESE, BATAK, DAYAK, PAPUANS, ACEHNESE (Achinese), and Toraja. The largest nonindigenous group is the Chinese, constituting about 3% of the total population and living mainly in urban areas.

Language

The official language is Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian), which evolved from Pasar Malay, a dialect widely spoken on Sumatra and used by traders in the islands. In addition, about 25 other languages, most of Malayo-Polynesian origin, and more than 200 dialects are spoken locally, including Acehnese, Batak, Sundanese, Madurese, and Balinese.


Hindu temple, Bali Hindu temples abound throughout the small island of Bali, Indonesia -- in family courtyards, villages, and rural settings (sacred slopes or lakeshores). They are frequently the focal points of the Balinese rituals. Both the styles of the shrines themselves and the traditional rites for which they provide the setting are expressive of the reverence, beauty, and dignity that are constantly present in Balinese life.
[Aztech New Media Corp.]

Religion

Islam is the dominant religion in Indonesia today and is practiced by nearly 85% of the population. Hinduism, widespread in the archipelago before the 14th century, is now practiced by only 2% of the population, chiefly on Bali. About 8% are Christian, primarily Protestant; and many Chinese follow Buddhist-Taoist teachings. Animist religions are followed by tribes in remote areas.


Jakarta, capital of Indonesia The modern section of Jakarta, capital and largest city of Indonesia, boasts skyscrapers that would be at home in any of the major cities of the world. These up-to-date office towers reflect the fact that only about 12% of the city's workforce is engaged in manufacturing, the remainder being involved in banking, investments, and other service industries.
[Archive Photos]

Demography

Indonesia is the world's fifth most populous nation and continues to grow rapidly. About 64% of the population is crowded onto the island of Java, where the density is nearly 700 persons per sq km (1,800 per sq mi). Other islands, by contrast, are sparsely populated. The largest cities are JAKARTA (the capital), BANDUNG, SURABAYA, Semarang, Malang, Surakarta, and Yogyakarta, all of which are on Java, and Medan, on Sumatra.

Education & Health

Education is controlled primarily by the Ministry of Education and Culture. Compulsory elementary-school education begins at age 6 or 7 and lasts for 9 years, followed by 3 years of secondary-school education. The University of Indonesia (1950) at Jakarta and numerous other institutions provide higher-education opportunities. Health facilities are limited, and many rural areas are grossly underserved because at least 40% of the physicians are concentrated in Jakarta.


Bas relief carvings, Borobudur, Java These bas-relief carvings are from the Buddhist shrine (AD c.800) at Borobudur in central Java, Indonesia, a unique example of Buddhist temple architecture. The pyramidal monument is surrounded by a circular stupa, consisting of eight levels with carvings which illustrate scenes from the life of Buddha.
[Aztech New Media Corp.]

The Arts

The Javanese are famous for BATIK, a cloth widely used for sarongs. It is imprinted with intricate, elaborate designs by waxing and dyeing fabric. Indonesia is also known for SHADOW PLAYS [Wayang], a popular art form used to instill moral values and for social comment. The Museum of Indonesian Culture in Jakarta houses an extensive collection of early Indonesian ceramics.


Republic of Indonesia Land and Resources of Indonesia
Indonesia Economic Activity About Bandung, West Java, Indonesia


Bibliography:
American University, Indonesia, A Country Study, 4th ed. (1983); Aveling, H., ed., The Development of Indonesian Society (1980); Booth, A., and McCawley, P., eds., The Indonesian Economy During the Suharto Era (1981); Crouch, Harold, The Army and Politics in Indonesia (1988); Drake, C., National Integration in Indonesia (1989); Green, M., Indonesia (1991); Holt, Claire, et al., Culture and Politics in Indonesia (1988); Jenkins, D., Suharto and His Generals (1985); Kahin, A., ed., Regional Dynamics of the Indonesian Revolution (1986); McDonald, H., Suharto's Indonesia (1981); Mackie, J. A. C., Indonesia: The Making of a Nation (1981); Peacock, James L., Indonesia: An Anthropological Perspective (1973); Reeve, D., Golkar of Indonesia (1987); Ricklefs, M. C., A History of Modern Indonesia (1981); Stewart, I. C., and Shaw, J., Indonesians: Portraits from an Archipelago (1984); Wild, C., and Carey, P., eds., Born in Fire, The Indonesian Struggle for Independence (1988).


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