The world below 535 kHz

Due to lack of time this page is no longer maintained actively and it may contain obsolete links.

1. Longwave aero Non Directional Beacons in Greece.

2. Longwave directional beacons in Thessaloniki.

3. The Longwave Club of America (LWCA) homepage.

4. A few links related to VLF signals caused by natural phenomena, especially lightning. Based on information posted in the WUN mailing list and the Sep. 1996 issue of WUN newsletter.
   • You can find some great samples of recorded whistlers on Steve's McGreevy's Web pages. Among all kinds of information, Steve has placed a number of zipped sound files for you to download and hear. Check it out! Steve's recordings have become available on CD by Irdial Systems. Steve also sells his WR3E VLF radio receiver. See also Steve's online article: Natural VLF-radio phenomena (receiver) listening guide for more info.

   • For a look at another option check out a natural radio receiver by Conversion Research.

   • Stanford VLF Group.

   • The web site of the ELF Radio Group, a special interest group for very low frequency research.

   • Exploring ULF-ELF and VLF radio band: Radio Science Observing. Those weird signals: Nature Radio Signals and strange emissions at very low frequency, by Renato Romero, IK1QFK.

   • Earthquake prediction using ULF radio waves.

   • Schumann Resonances: excerpts from "CRC Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics" by David D. Sentman of the University of Alaska.

   • A VLF Beacon Transmitter at South Pole for Geophysical Research, by Umran S. Inan, inan@nova.stanford.edu.

   • A BBB-4 VLF receiver project by Jorgen OZ1MAS, oz1mas@qsl.net.

5. A few links related to the swedish Grimeton Radio - SAQ Alexanderson Alternator electromechanical transmitter.
   • The swedish Radio Station Grimeton - SAQ, which still transmits occasionally for the benefit of radio amateurs and listeners.

   • Annual SAQ events are organized every July by the Alexanderson Society.

   • A spectrogram of the July 1, 2001 transmission by Alex Deligiannis, SV8QG.

   • An electromechanical CW VLF receiver by Jim Moritz, M0BMU, j.r.moritz@herts.ac.uk. This direct conversion CW receiver does not use any thermionic valve/tube or semiconductor components, was designed for the 2001 annual SAQ special transmission and was also capable of receiving CW signals from Indian Naval transmitter VTX3.

6. Background information about Canadian Lowfer activity by Joe Cooper, VE3FMQ, joe@provcomm.net. At the same site read the Introduction to LF and VLF radio monitoring, An article from Popular Communications Magazine Vol. 16, No.3, November 1997.

7. LF/VLF Standard Frequency and Time Signals
   • The French Time and Standard Frequency transmissions from broadcast station TDF Allouis on 162 kHz.

   • The German Time and Standard Frequency Station DCF77 on 77.5 kHz. Additional information for this station is also available in http://www.meinberg.de/english/info/dcf77.htm and in http://www.prog-link.com/dcf77/dcf77-contents.html (in German).

   • The British Time and Standard Frequency Station MSF on 60 kHz. Detailed description of the MSF signal format is also available at the National Physical Laboratory web site and in this on-line article by Simon Collins.

   • A list of VLF/LF frequency and time signals by William R. Hepburn, hepburnw@iprimus.ca.

   • Frequencies and schedules for Time Signal Stations by lbarbi@tecna.it.

   • The Radioclock utility can be used to decode WWVB, DCF77, HBG and MSF LF time signals and VNG and RWM HF time signals and display time on a personal computer using its soundcard.

   • The Swiss HBG Time Signal station on 75 kHz, operated by the Observatory of Neuchatel. (Info: Michel L., mlo-mlf@telefonica.net)

8. The Weather Radio Page by William R. Hepburn, hepburnw@iprimus.ca. This site contains info about the NAVTEX and CW wx transmissions between 410 and 530 kHz and Transcribed Weather Broadcasts on longwave NDB's and locators. There is also a page with information about VLF/LF/HF Time Signal and Volmet transmissions.

9. Starlink's list of Longwave DGPS Beacons (250-350 kHz). Starlink has more GPS related pages and links to related FAQ documents.

10. The US Coast Guard NAVCEN - maritime navigation public access reference pages with info about DGPS beacons, LORAN-C etc. Unfortunately most on-line pictures have been removed and access to many pages with descripiton of bases etc are now blocked for many users as they remain in the old ".uscg.mil" top level domain.

11. Information on the Northwest European LORAN-C system (NELS).

12. International LORAN Association.

13. Aero and Maritime NDB related pages:
    • "What do navaids look like": Longwave Beacon info and pictures by Dale Dickerhoof, daled@xetron.com.

    • Alex's Longwave Page by Alex Wiecek, alexwiecek@home.com. The site contains a list of longwave transmitters in Canada and a fantastic NDB photo gallery.

    • Robert Connolly's, GI7IVX, list of European Aero and Maritime NDBs info page. Robert is the compiler of the "Non Directional Beacons of Europe" list.

    • The AIRNAV pages contain a database of Non Directional Beacons in the U.S.A by Paulo Santos, pas@airnav.com.

    • List of South American NDBs by Marcus Ramos, PY3CRX/PY2PLL, mramos@mandic.com.br.

    • Canadian NDB list by Pierre Thomson, KA2QPG, pthomson@ruderhof.com. Also visit Pierre's personal pages.

    • The Northern Beacon: a collection of Long-and Medium Frequency Beacons monitored in Norway, by Kjell Arne Olsen and Svenn Martinsen, svennm@c2i.net.

    • Radiofari in onda lunga in Italia e paesi limitrofi: Longwave radio beacons in Italy and neigboring countries by lbarbi@tecna.it.

    • A page with photos and technical info about the italian maritime beacon RD on 299 kHz, by Alessandro Kosoveu, IW3SGT.

    • Jill Dybka's Longwave and Beacons web pages.

    • NDB logs by Rocker Ray, rocker@datasync.com.

    • Longwave DX info by Robert Kramer, NV8V, rkdx@aol.com, including NDB DXing.

    • The Impact of Navigation Aid Systems on Air Force Real Property Requirements: a historical paper by Scott D. Murdock. From a report submitted to Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in 1996.

    • A page with nice photos of the Lord Howe Island NDB in the Pacific Ocean. The beacon id is LHI and its frequency is 272 kHz.

    • Zeppelin Radio Navigation in 1918 (Popular Science Monthly, April, 1918, pages 632-634).

14. A collection of VLF related material by Klaus Betke, DL4BBL, klaus@itap.de. The site contains frequency lists (NAVTEX, Time stations), projects and captured audio files.

15. Cor van Soelen maintains a log of longwave beacons received in Netherland and a list of 518 kHz NAVTEX transmissions.

16. LF amateur band info by Mike Dennison, G3XDV, mike.dennison@ntworld.com. Interesting investigation of transatlantic propagartion of Canadian military station Halifax Radio - CFH on 137.0 kHz.

17. 136 kHz propagation forecasts and other related stuff by Alan Melia, G3NYK, alan.melia@btinternet.com. There is also a history of Rugby Radio station.

18. G3YMC 136 MHz page with equipment description, by Dave Sergeant, G3YMC.

19. Web site of G3YXM. A very good site with lots of data and recent LF news, mosty about the 136 kHz amateur radio LF band.

20. European amateur radio 73 kHz and 136 kHz skeds by Chris Trayner, G4OKW.

21. K0LR longwave site by Lyle Koehler, K0LR, lyle@mlecmn.net. Lyle also operates lowfer beacon LEK on 186.7 kHz at Atkin, Minnesota. Read the excellent article Computer modeling of LowFER transmitting antennas at this Lyle's site.

22. GW4ALG 136 kHz pages by Steve Rawlings, GW4ALG. Interesting description of a home-made, remotely operated variometer and his 10 MHz to 136 kHz transverter for Yaesu FT-707 and ICOM IC-756Pro.

23. U.S. Navy VLF/ELF Submarine Communications: The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) web site contains information about the U.S. Navy ELF program, the U.S. Navy VLF program, and the U.S. Navy Submarine Communications. The HAARP project also maintains a page about the U.S. Navy ELF program. You can also read an interesting US Navy "Fact File" about the "Extremely Low Frequency Transmitter Site Clam Lake, Wisconsin" in PDF format. Reception reports can be sent to:
    
       IIT Research Institute
       P.O. Box 56
       Clam Lake, WI 54517
       USA
    
    or by e-mail to: elf@spawar.navy.mil.

24. Reception of ELF signals at antipodal distances: A paper by A.C. Fraser-Smith and P.R. Bannister discussing the Russian ZEVS ELF system. (Acrobat PDF file, Source: Trond Jacobsen, July 2001)

25. A conspiracy theory about a hidden ELF transmitter at Berlin/Tempelhof by Grazyna Fosar & Franz Bludorf, mail@fosar-bludorf.com (in German).

26. New Zeland LF scene: The web site of the ZL Low Frequency Interest Group, by Murray ZL1BPU, as149@detroit.freenet.org.

27. Web site of Noumenon, Inc. with Eric Vogel's VLF projects.

28. Low Frequency and Below experimentation pages, by Steve Olney, VK2ZTO, ollaneg@zeta.org.au. Steve's site is also mirrored at QSL.NET.

29. AMRAD Low Frequency Web Page with info about many AMRAD projects, including the WA2TFX/12 beacon and the associated "earth bipole" antenna.

30. Another good LowFer site, Altair's Lowfer Page, owner of YWK beacon on 184.32 kHz. ( Source: Paul, W0RW, 20 January 2000)

31. A photo gallery of the 7S6SAJ Special Event Operation on 136 kHz in February 2000, by Jan, SM6CJJ.

32. The web site of Mitch, VE3OT, active on 135.7 - 137.8 kHz, with photos of his G0MRF 300W transmitter and a spectrogram of a VA3LK CW transmission.

33. Marine DGPS beacons in Europe. The page contains a map of all the DGPS beacons in Europe, with full details of their locations, frequencies, bit rates etc. (Source: Alan Gale, 23 April 2000)

34. Utility Monitoring Central by Mike Chace-Ortiz, mike@chace-ortiz.org. UMC is dedicated to non-broadcast digital communications from VLF to SHF.

35. Web site of Low Frequency Experimental Beacon XMGR transmitting on 186.404 kHz from Helena, Alabama, USA, by Les Rayburn, N1LF, les@highnoonfilm.com. Information about beacon 1LF on 187.3 kHz is also available at this site, as well as a list of all known lowfer beacons in USA and Canada.

36. Experimenter's Corner by Bill Cantrell, WD5CVG, k3pgp@qsl.net, operator of TEXAS lowfer beacon on 189.7 kHz.

37. Recordings of Halifax Naval,CFH signals by Bill de Carle bill1@cgocable.ca, using NIAGARA DSP program. Other DPS programs are also available at this site.

38. Commercial site of LF Engineering Co., Manufacturers of Low Frequency Equipment for LF Communications, Natural Radio Research, AM Broadcast and Shortwave Radio.

39. Web site of OK1FIG from the Czech Republic, with a photogallery from the September 2000 DX-pedition to square JO70ND.

40. LF Amateur radio site by Holger 'Geri', DK8KW (W1KW), dk8kw@qru.de. Geri's site contains info about amateur radio experiments on 8975 Hz (approx. 9 kHz) and an extensive list of LF links.

41. A shielded magnetic-loop antenna, designed by P. Schnoor, DF3LP, df3lp@qsl.net for LF use.

42. A site with Soundcard DPS radio related software to download, by SWL Ko, NL9222.

43. Full report with pictures from the Guernsey - GU LF DX-pedition by Dave G3YXM, dave@picks.f9.co.uk.

44. A review of Hyperbolic Radionavigation Systems by Jerry Proc, VE3FAB, jproc@idirect.com. Contains information about Decca, Loran, Omega and related systems.

45. U.S. Navy VLF station NSS - Annapolis: A tour of the station facilities and the AN/FRT-87 1 MW transmitter in 1998 by Jim Hawkins, WA2WHV. (Thanks to Peter Schmalkoke for the update). Historical and technical background of NSS Annapolis, Maryland also by Merle Parten, K6DC, k6dc@aol.com.

46. Investigation of the signal stength of Hellenic Navy LF station Marathon at G3NYK QTH (JO02PB), a 2344 km path, By Alan Melia, G3NYK.

47. A Gyrator tuned VLF receiver by Arthur J. Stokes, N8BN, astokes@gwis.com, of the American Association of Variable Star Observers.

48. A list of VLF/LF frequencies by John Kielkopf, last updated in May 1999.

49. Introduction to LF and VLF radio monitoring, by Joseph Cooper, VE3FMQ, (from Popular Communications, November 1997).

50. The LF RDF project, a page where you can upload the resuls of your DF efforts in the LF band (0 - 150 kHz) and compare it with the results of other investigators.

51. Polish LF amateur radio scene, by Marcin, SQ2BXI, bxi@interia.pl.

52. The WUN ELF and VLF guide, version 1.0 by Trond Jacobsen, trond.jacobsen@halden.net, in RTF (rich text format). An HTML version of the guide is also available at The Open Lab site.

53. LW Broadcasters
    • Northern Star International Cruisin'216.

1. Aurora Sounds from Umea University, Sweden.

2. ARRL VLF Bibliography at http://www.arrl.org/tis/bibs/vlf.html.

3. A homemade lowfer transmitter built by Fred Davidson, freds-world@worldnet.att.net.

4. A paper by Don Moman about Frequency Selective Voltmeters and their Uses in the Radio Hobby.

5. Complete list of LORAN-C stations worldwide, with coverage maps for each chain.

• http://www.abem.se/vlf/wadi.htm: Mineral exploration using VLF
• http://www-star.stanford.edu/~mfuelle/eicrspe.html: Spectrum of the Earth-ionosphere cavity resonances
• http://www.dxing.com/lw.htm: Longwave DXing
• http://db0sif.ernaehrung.uni-giessen.de/cgi-bin/dpcmd?R%20VLF%2013
• http://www.trifid-nebula.de/ndb/ndbhome.htm : NDB pics and soundfiles by Gregor Behr gregor@trifid-nebula.de in Duesseldorf.
• http://www.w4dex.com : W4DEX low frequency page.
• http://www.geocities.com/we0h/lf.html : WE0H LF loop antenna.
• http://technology.fanshawec.on.ca/tele410/loop.htm : Lots of Loop stuff! by Mitch Powell, VE3OT,
• http://www.magnet.oma.be/sevem/index.html : SEVEM Survey of ELF and VLF Experiments in the Magnetosphere.
• http://members.rogers.com/wiecek6010/ndb.htm : North American NDB ndb source.

Last updated 7 December 2003
Maintained by sv1xv@qsl.net