California
California,
a state of the far-western United States, is widely known for its great
natural beauty, its highly productive farms and factories, and its
innovative social and political ideas. Its many cities include LOS
ANGELES, a major center of the entertainment and aerospace industries, and
SAN FRANCISCO, a sophisticated financial center.
Often depicted as a fabulous land of opportunity, the state has
lured millions of migrants since the mid-19th century, when gold was
discovered there, and by the late 1970s it was the nation's most populous
state. California is bordered by Oregon on the north, by Nevada and
Arizona on the east, by Mexico on the south, and by the Pacific Ocean on
the west. The state is named
after a fictional island of great wealth described in a novel (published
about 1500) by the Spanish writer Garci Ordonez de Montalvo;
the name was probably first applied (early 16th century) to the
southern tip of Baja California by the Spanish explorer Hernan Cortes.
Land
and Resources
California
is a state of great scenic beauty, and it is well endowed with natural
resources. Its highest point
is Mount WHITNEY (4,418 m/14,494 ft), the loftiest point in the
conterminous United States; and
its lowest point, in DEATH VALLEY (86 m/282 ft below sea level), is the
lowest point in the Western Hemisphere.
Physiographic
Regions
California
has a varied and complex topography, the main features of which are the
large Central Valley and the mountain ranges that enclose it.
The Central, or Great, Valley, about 805 km (500 mi) long and 80 km
(50 mi) wide, includes two major drainage basins:
the SACRAMENTO RIVER system, in the north, and the SAN JOAQUIN
RIVER system, in the south. Both ultimately empty into the Pacific Ocean.
In the extreme southern part of the valley is a region of interior
drainage, formerly occupied in part by Tulare and Buena Vista lakes.
The
Central Valley generally is very flat, with elevations of less than 150 m
(492 ft). It is mostly
overlain by deep deposits of fertile alluvium, washed down from the
mountains. The valley is bounded on the northwest by the Klamath
Mountains, a rugged, forested range, with peaks reaching an altitude of
more than 2,700 m (8,900 ft). The
southern portion of the CASCADE RANGE borders the Central Valley on the
northeast. The Cascades include isolated lofty volcanic peaks, the highest
of which is Mount SHASTA (4,317 m/14,162 ft), as well as cinder cones,
lava flows, and beds of ash, pumice, and tuff.
LASSEN PEAK (3,187 m/10,457 ft) is one of the two active volcanoes
in the conterminous United States. Lassen
last erupted in 1914-21.
To
the east of the Central Valley is the great SIERRA NEVADA, a north-south
mountain barrier with many peaks rising more than 4,267 m (14,000 ft);
the highest point is Mount Whitney.
The range is a vast fault block with a granite core.
The western slopes are cut by deep river canyons, such as the
Yosemite Valley, that were formed in part by glacial action.
DONNER PASS (2,161 m/7,089 ft high) is part of an important route
across the Sierra Nevada.
The
Central Valley is bounded on the west and south by the COAST RANGES, which
extend parallel to the Pacific from the Klamath Mountains to Point
Conception, with a break at San Francisco Bay.
Component parts of these mountains include the Diablo, San Rafael,
Santa Cruz, and Santa Lucia ranges. The
northern parts of the Coast Ranges are forested and have fertile valleys
(such as the Napa Valley), whereas the drier southern portion is covered
with chaparral, a dense brush, or with oak-grass woodlands.
The SAN ANDREAS FAULT, a fracture in the Earth's crust, cuts
through the Coast Ranges; movements
along the fault cause periodic earthquakes.
Southeast
of the Coast Ranges are the Transverse Ranges, a group of east-west
trending mountains that include the Santa Monica, San Gabriel, and San
Bernardino mountains. The
highest point is Mount San Gorgonio (3,506 m/11,502 ft), in the San
Bernardino Mountains. The
Transverse Ranges enclose many valleys and lowlands, but the only large
expanse of flatland is the Los Angeles Lowland, the site of the city of
Los Angeles. South of the Los Angeles Ranges are the Peninsular Ranges,
part of a system that extends into the Baja California peninsula of Mexico.
To
the east of California's major mountain systems are extensive regions of
arid basins and valleys, with several other mountain ranges.
In the northeast and east-center are parts of the GREAT BASIN;
the latter area includes Death Valley as well as the Panamint range.
In southeastern California is the large MOJAVE DESERT and the
Salton Trough, which includes the SALTON SEA and the IMPERIAL VALLEY.
The
state has about 1,348 km (838 mi) of coastline along the Pacific Ocean.
Much of it is rocky and rugged, such as in the Big Sur region, but
southern California has numerous large sand beaches.
The Channel Islands (see SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS), which include
Santa Catalina Island, are located in the Pacific near Los Angeles.
Rivers
and Lakes
The
principal rivers of California are the Sacramento and San Joaquin, which
merge shortly before emptying into the Pacific Ocean via San Francisco
Bay. Most of the state's
other large rivers flow into either the Sacramento or the San Joaquin.
Additional important rivers not part of these systems include the Colorado
River, which forms California's southeastern border;
the Kern River, in the south central part of the state;
and the Klamath River, in the northwest. Many of the state's smaller streams flow only during a few
months of the year.
California
has many large natural lakes. These
include Lake TAHOE, astride the border with Nevada; Goose Lake, straddling the boundary with Oregon;
Honey Lake, in the northeast;
and the shallow Salton Sea, in the south, formed (1905-07) by
floodwaters of the Colorado River. The
state also has numerous artificial lakes, created by dams on rivers.
These include Lake Oroville, Clair Engle Lake, Folsom Reservoir,
Lake Berryessa, and Shasta Lake.
Water
Distribution
Natural
water supplies in California are distributed unevenly and do not parallel
the need. The northern third
of the state receives about 70% of California's total annual precipitation,
but the southern two-thirds (with large population centers, huge tracts of
farmland needing irrigation, and numerous industrial establishments)
requires about 80% of the water. As
a consequence, several great projects have been constructed to transfer
water to the south. These
include the immense California Water Project, which delivers Feather River
water (gathered at Oroville Dam) to the San Francisco area, the San
Joaquin Valley, Los Angeles, and San Diego via more than 900 km (559 mi)
of aqueducts; the Central
Valley Project, which transfers waters of the Sacramento River system to
the southern part of the Central Valley;
the All-American Canal, which carries water from the Colorado River
to the Imperial Valley; and the Owens Valley and Colorado River aqueducts,
which supply water to the Los Angeles area.
Climate
California
has a varied climate pattern, the result of its complex topography and
wide latitudinal range. Most
of the state has only two distinguishable seasons--a rainy period (October
to April) and a dry period (May to September).
Annual precipitation is greatest in the north, especially near the
coast, which receives about 2,032 mm (80 in) of moisture yearly. The south gets much less precipitation; Los Angeles receives only about 381 mm (15 in) and San Diego
just 254 mm (10 in). Desert areas receive even less moisture.
Temperatures
are mild along the coast, with relatively small variations between the
warmest and coolest months; the
southern coast is somewhat warmer than the central and northern coasts.
The average recorded January temperature in Los Angeles is 13 deg C
(56 deg F), and in San Francisco it is 10 deg C (50 deg F);
the mean recorded July temperature in Los Angeles is 22 deg C (72
deg F), and in San Francisco it is 15 deg C (59 deg F). The Central Valley
often has a mild climate, but other parts of the interior are either
markedly hotter (Death Valley and the Mojave Desert, for example) or
colder (the lofty peaks of the Sierra Nevada).
Vegetation
and Animal Life
California's
great climatic and topographic diversity is reflected in the variety of
its plants and animals. Forests
cover about 42% of the state; almost half the forestland is in
California's 22 national forests. The
humid northwest has dense coniferous forests, which extend south along the
coast past Monterey; these
coastal forests include numerous tall trees, especially the redwood
(ranging to about 113 m/371 ft high).
The forests thin toward the east, and much of the Coast Ranges is
covered with chaparral. The
Sierra Nevada foothills and coastal southern California also have much
chaparral. Higher parts of the Sierra Nevada and some sections of the
Transverse and Peninsular ranges are covered by woodlands of conifers,
especially yellow pine. The
Sierra Nevada is noted for its massive sequoia trees.
California's deserts have a sparse cover of xerophytes (drought-resistant
plants), including many types of cactus in the Mojave Desert.
Large
mammals, such as deer, bears, and cougars, are found in the northwest and
in the Sierra Nevada. Chaparral
areas have deer, rabbits, coyotes, rattlesnakes, tortoises, and many
rodents. Desert wildlife,
surprisingly rich, includes bighorn sheep, wild burros, coyotes, hares,
sidewinders (a variety of rattlesnake), and numerous lizards.
The extremely rare California condor, the largest bird of North
America, is found in the Transverse ranges.
The state's rivers and lakes contain salmon, bass, and trout; coastal marine waters are noted for their shellfish and
grunion.
Mineral
Resources
California
has economically important deposits of many minerals. Among the more important are crude petroleum and natural gas,
found in the southern Central Valley and in coastal southern California (both
onshore and offshore); boron
and tungsten, located in the deserts of the southeast; and sand and gravel, found in most parts of the state.
Other minerals include asbestos, copper, feldspar, gold, iron ore,
mercury, potash, rock salt, soda ash, sulfur, uranium, and zinc.
People
California,
the nation's most populous state, had a resident population of 29,760,021
at the time of the 1990 census, with a population growth rate of more than
25% during the 1980s (compared to the national growth rate of 9.8%).
California has had a high rate of population growth ever since it
became a state in 1850. In
the post-World War II era, the highest growth rates (of about 50%)
occurred in the decades 1940-50 and 1950-60.
Much of the growth stems from the large numbers of persons
migrating into the state.
The
great majority of California's inhabitants are white, but there are
significant communities of minority groups.
The state's Asian population, which grew by 127% between 1980 and
1990, is the fastest growing ethnic group, and Asians now make up nearly
10% of California's population. Within the various Asian communities, San
Francisco's Chinese-American community is perhaps the best known. Many from that group are descended from persons who
immigrated during 1850-79 to work in the goldfields and on railroad
construction. Persons of
Hispanic origin, with a 69.2% population-growth rate (about 25% of the
total state population) comprise the second-fastest-growing ethnic group
in the state. The heaviest concentration of Hispanics (known as Chicanos)
is found in Los Angeles County, where the group comprises nearly 40% of
the population. The black
population, which grew by 21.4% during the 1980-90 decade, constitutes
7.4% of the total state population, about the same as during the previous
decade. There are also about
242,164 American Indians (nearly 1% of the state's population) in
California. The largest
religious denomination in California is the Roman Catholic church;
large Protestant bodies include Baptists, Episcopalians, Methodists,
and Presbyterians. There is
also a sizable Jewish community.
Most
of California's population is classified as urban, and in 1990 the state
had 44 cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants. The largest city, by far,
is Los Angeles, followed by, in order of decreasing population within the
city proper, SAN DIEGO, SAN JOSE, San Francisco, LONG BEACH, OAKLAND,
SACRAMENTO (the capital), FRESNO, SANTA ANA, ANAHEIM, RIVERSIDE, and
STOCKTON, all of which have populations greater than 200,000.
Most of California's major urban areas are located near the Pacific
coast.
Education
California
is widely known for its excellent educational institutions and for its
rich cultural life.
The
1849 California constitution called for a statewide system of free public
education; in 1866 the state
passed legislation assuring sufficient tax revenue to support elementary
schools, and a 1903 law extended public support to high schools. The school system grew rapidly in the 20th century;
in the late 1970s about 3,000,000 pupils were enrolled annually in
public elementary schools, and 1,430,000 students each year attended
public secondary schools. Many
of California's colleges and universities are supported with public funds
(see CALIFORNIA, STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES OF), and the state has a
large number of community colleges. The
nation's first tax-supported junior college was established at Fresno in
1910.
Among
the state's better-known institutions of higher education are the
California Institute of Technology (established 1891), at Pasadena;
the Claremont Colleges; Mills
College (1852), at Oakland; Pepperdine
University (1937), at Los Angeles; Stanford University (1885), at
Stanford; the University of the Pacific (1851), at Stockton;
the University of San Diego (1952);
the University of San Francisco (1855); the University of Santa
Clara (1851); the University
of Southern California (1880), at Los Angeles;
and Whittier College (1901), at Whittier.
Advanced learning also is pursued at specialized private
institutions like the Rand Corporation, at Santa Monica.
Cultural
Institutions
All
of California's larger cities support institutions devoted to learning and
the arts. Notable museums
include the M. H. de Young
Memorial Museum, with exhibitions of American Indian, European, and
Oriental art, and the California Palace of the Legion of Honor, featuring
displays of French painting, both in San Francisco;
the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, with fine collections of
European furnishings and paintings, the Los Angeles County Museum of
Natural History, with Ice Age fossils from the LA BREA asphalt pits in Los
Angeles, and the Southwest Museum, with displays of American Indian
artifacts, all in Los Angeles; the
Crocker Art Gallery, in Sacramento; the
Henry E. HUNTINGTON LIBRARY, Art Gallery, and Botanical Gardens, in San
Marino; the J. Paul GETTY
MUSEUM, with noteworthy holdings of ancient Greek and Roman art, in
Malibu; and the San Diego
Society of Natural History Museum. Several
important research libraries are located in the state.
These include the Los Angeles Public Library (about 5.4 million
volumes, many destroyed or damaged by fire in 1986);
the Stanford University libraries (5.1 million volumes, including
the library of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace), at
Stanford; the University of California at Berkeley library (6.3 million
volumes); and the University
of California at Los Angeles library (5.2 million volumes).
Both
Los Angeles and San Francisco have respected symphony orchestras, and San
Francisco has a noted opera company. Included among the numerous theaters
in the state are the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles and the American
Conservatory Theater in San Francisco.
Historic
Sites
Among
California's places of historic interest are Cabrillo National Monument,
at San Diego, commemorating the voyage of the Spanish explorer Juan
Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542 (see History below);
Fort Point National Historic Site, at San Francisco, with a large
19th-century fortification; John Muir National Historic Site, at Martinez,
including the home of the famous naturalist;
and several 18th-century Franciscan missions, at or near San Diego,
San Juan Capistrano, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Carmel, and other
places.
Recreation
and Sports
Ample
opportunities for year-round outdoor recreation are found in California;
camping, backpacking, and skiing in the mountains;
and fishing and water sports along the coast.
The state's 6 national parks and numerous public forests, as well
as Lake Tahoe, are recreation and vacation centers. Major-league
professional sports teams are located in San Diego, Anaheim, Los Angeles,
San Francisco, and Oakland.
Communications
California,
with important entertainment industries, is well supplied with radio and
television stations and also daily newspapers.
Among the more influential dailies are the Los Angeles Times, the
Oakland Tribune, the Sacramento Bee, the San Diego Union, the San
Francisco Chronicle, and the San Jose Mercury News.
The state's first newspaper, the Californian, was initially
published in 1846 in Monterey.
Government
and Politics
California
is governed under a constitution of 1879, as amended; a previous constitution had been adopted in 1849. The chief
executive of the state is a governor, elected to a 4-year term;
a governor may serve an unlimited number of terms.
California has a bicameral legislature, made up of a 40-member
Senate and an 80-member Assembly; senators
are elected to 4-year terms, and assemblymen are elected to 2-year terms.
State laws can be passed directly by voters through an INITIATIVE,
and laws approved by the legislature can be challenged by voters in a
REFERENDUM. The highest
tribunal in California is the supreme court, composed of 7 justices
appointed by the governor to 12-year terms.
The state five-member board of supervisors plus several countywide
elected officials. California
is represented in the U.S. Congress by 2 senators and 43 representatives;
the state has 45 electoral votes in presidential elections.
Most
voters in California consider themselves independent of party affiliation,
and politics at the state and local level have a fluid quality, with
neither party holding a decisive advantage.
On some issues, such as water diversion, divisions are more
pronounced between northern and southern Californians than between
Democrats and Republicans. The
Republicans, however, have dominated the governorship for most of the
period since 1900. In contests for the U.S.
presidency the Democrats carried the state from 1932 through 1948,
but since then the Republican candidate has usually won in California.
Economy
California
has the most productive economy of any U.S.
state. Its modern economic growth began in the second half of the
19th century, and the greatest spurt came after 1940.
Agriculture
California's
annual cash receipts from farming are consistently far greater than those
of any other state. California
farms vary greatly in size, but most of them are relatively large. More
than two-thirds of the cropland is irrigated; mechanization is another
factor contributing to the state's agricultural preeminence.
A wide variety of farm goods is produced in the state, and
California is the nation's leading, or only producer of many commodities.
Cattle, milk, cotton, and grapes are among the state's chief
sources of farm income. Other major products of California are grain (mainly
barley, wheat, and maize), vegetables (notably tomatoes, lettuce,
cauliflower, broccoli, carrots, brussels sprouts, spinach, and celery),
other fruit (principally apricots, peaches, pears, plums, cantaloupes,
strawberries, apples, figs, avocados, and citrus fruit), and nuts (including
almonds, walnuts, and macadamia nuts).
Important
farming regions in California include the Imperial Valley, in which highly
mechanized farms produce great amounts of vegetables, cotton, alfalfa, and
fattened cattle; the
Coachella Valley (north of the Salton Sea), noted for its carrots, table
grapes, grapefruit, and dates; the
coastal southern California area, with a large output of citrus fruit,
dairy goods, and vegetables; the
Central Valley, producing huge amounts of vegetables, fruit, grain, dairy
goods, nuts, and livestock (cattle, sheep, turkeys);
the Salinas Valley, producing much lettuce, poultry, and almonds;
the Santa Clara Valley, growing great quantities of apricots, pears,
cherries, and plums; and the
Napa Valley, noted for its wine grapes. Many of these regions are
important suppliers of winter fruits and vegetables to the entire nation.
Forestry
and Fishing
California
has large forest-products industries, producing lumber, pulp, and paper.
The Sierra Nevada and the northwest part of the state are the chief
sources of timber; the
principal trees cut are Douglas fir, redwood, and yellow and sugar pine.
Fishing
also is a major industry in California, along with fish canning. San Pedro
(a district of Los Angeles) is one of the nation's leading fishing ports
and also has canneries and processing plants.
Other important fishing centers include San Diego and San
Francisco. Marine fish make
up almost all of the commercial catch;
the chief species caught are tuna, mackerel, and anchovies.
Mining
Identified
with mining since the 1848 gold rush, California usually ranks among the
top three or four states in the annual value of its mineral output.
Of the many minerals produced, the most valuable are petroleum,
cement, natural gas, and sand and gravel.
California leads the nation in the production of asbestos, boron,
portland cement, diatomite, gypsum, sand and gravel, natural sodium
sulfate, and tungsten. The
mineral output of the state also includes much borax, iron ore, mercury,
salt, and talc. Gold, largely responsible for the state's growth in the
mid-19th century, was mined in relatively small quantities in the late
20th century.
Manufacturing
California
ranks first among the states in manufacturing, having expanded steadily in
the 20th century in such areas as food processing early on and more
recently in the electronics industry of "Silicon Valley." The
leading categories of fabricated goods produced in the state are
transportation equipment, processed food, and electrical and electronic
goods. The transportation equipment included aerospace products (notably
airplanes), made principally in the Los Angeles area and in San Diego;
motor vehicles, assembled in Oakland and in the San Jose and Los
Angeles areas; and ships, constructed at Long Beach, San Diego, and San
Francisco. The state's food
products included canned and frozen fruits and vegetables, processed meat,
canned fish, and beverages (wine, fruit juices).
Major centers of fruit and vegetable processing include the Los
Angeles and San Francisco areas, Bakersfield, Fresno, Sacramento, San
Jose, and Stockton. Electrical and electronic goods made in California
included communications equipment, household appliances, and motors.
The Santa Clara Valley, Sacramento, and the Los Angeles area have
numerous firms producing and developing electronic equipment.
Other goods manufactured in California include steel (at Fontana,
Los Angeles, Pittsburg, and Torrance); textiles and clothing; refined
petroleum; metal, wood, and
plastic products; chemicals; and
printed materials. The Los
Angeles area (particularly the Hollywood district, Burbank, and Culver
City) is the nation's chief center for producing motion pictures and
television programs.
Tourism
California
each year attracts millions of tourists, lured by the state's equable
climate and beautiful scenery, its outdoor recreation opportunities, and
the cultural offerings. Popular
urban tourist spots include the motion-picture and television studios of
the Los Angeles area; DISNEYLAND, a large amusement park at Anaheim;
the San Diego zoo and Sea World;
and Fishermen's Wharf, Chinatown, and other parts of San Francisco.
Many persons visit the state's five national parks (Kings Canyon National
Park, Lassen Volcanic National Park, REDWOOD NATIONAL PARK, SEQUOIA
NATIONAL PARK, YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK) and its eight national monuments (including
Death Valley National Monument, Devils Postpile National Monument, and
Muir Woods National Monument), as well as other units of the National Park
Service.
Transportation
California
is well supplied with land, air, and sea transport facilities, but it has
few inland waterways. Motor-vehicle
transport is especially important, and in the mid-1980s California had
approximately 19 million registered motor vehicles, far more San Francisco
is a terminus of two famous vehicular bridges, the Golden Gate Bridge and
the San Franciso-Oakland Bay Bridge.
Some railroads continue to operate but are less important than
other transportation.
The
state's busiest airports are the Los Angeles and San Francisco
international airports and the airport at Santa Ana. California's several
major seaports include Oakland (with one of the world's largest
concentrations of facilities to handle containerized shipping), San
Francisco, and Richmond, on San Francisco Bay;
Eureka, on Humboldt Bay; Los Angeles-Long Beach;
and San Diego. The
state's few important inland commercial waterways include the lower
Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, and the Stockton Ship Canal.
Energy
In
the mid 1980s California's installed electric generating capacity was
about 41,900,000 kW, and the annual production of electricity was some
121.7 billion kWh. About
two-thirds of the electricity is generated in thermoelectric plants,
mainly burning refined petroleum or natural gas; five nuclear power
facilities operate in the state. About
one-third of the state's electricity is produced by hydroelectric
installations, including ones on the Colorado River and on the Owens
Valley and San Francisco aqueducts.
History
When
the first Europeans arrived, in the early 16th century, the region of
California was inhabited by a relatively sparse Indian population,
scattered in many small, fairly independent groups that lived mainly as
hunter-gatherers. Among the
Indian groups were the HUPA, POMO, Wishosk, and Yuki, in the north; the
Costano, Miwok, Salinan, and Yokut, in the center;
the Mono and Panamint, in the east;
and the Chumash, Serrano, and Diegueno, in the south.
Juan
Rodriguez CABRILLO, a Portuguese navigator exploring for Spain, was
probably the first European to see California. Sailing north from
present-day Mexico, he visited San Diego Bay in September 1542, before
continuing on past San Francisco Bay, which he did not see.
The next major voyage along the coast was made by the English
navigator Sir Francis DRAKE, in 1579. He discovered San Francisco Bay and
claimed the region of northern California, which he called Nova Albion,
for England. Fearing English intrusion, the Spanish sent several coastal
expeditions, including that of Sebastian VIZCAINO to Monterey Bay in
1602-03. But no European
settlements were established until Captain Gaspar de PORTOLA, the Spanish
governor of Baja California, led an expedition north in 1769-70, partly in
order to offset Russian activity. During
the journey, forts were established at San Diego and Monterey, thus
asserting a minimum of Spanish control.
Father Junipero SERRA went along on the expedition, and in 1769 he
founded a Franciscan mission, San Diego de Alcala, near modern San Diego.
This was the first of a string of 21 missions, ranging to Sonoma (north
of present-day San Francisco), founded by the Franciscans during the next
54 years. The Indians felt
the economic and social presence of the Europeans mainly through the
missions, as the Spanish officials tended to neglect California.
The missions controlled much land, and, using Indian labor, they
produced large quantities of cattle hides and tallow (the area's chief
exports at the time) and fruit and vegetables.
The Indians living at the missions were forced to work hard and
received few economic rewards; they
were given instruction in Christianity, however, and were taught some new
skills.
California
was little affected by the political upheavals in Mexico during 1808-11.
In 1812 the Russians established Fort Ross along the northern coast
(near the mouth of the Russian River) as a trading and fur-trapping center,
which they maintained until 1841. In
1821 Mexico gained independence from Spain, and in 1822 California (known
as Alta California) became a province of the new nation.
For a time, about 1825-35, the Mexicans sought to exert control
over California, but they had little success, and the region generally was
neglected thereafter. A major
conflict between the central government of Mexico and California was over
the missions. The Mexican
government sought to secularize the missions by selling their great
landholdings to private individuals, and after several false starts this
was accomplished during 1834-40. Many
large private estates were thus established.
During
the 1840s a few hundred U.S. citizens
moved into California to farm, hunt, and trade.
They were aided by John A. SUTTER,
a Swiss who held a vast tract of land at present-day Sacramento.
In 1843-46 Captain John C. FREMONT
led two U.S. government
surveying expeditions into California. In May 1846, the United States went
to war with Mexico over Texas (see MEXICAN WAR).
The following month, before news of the outbreak of war had reached
California, a group of U.S. citizens under the influence of Fremont
captured the Mexican presidio at Sonoma and raised a flag with one star, a
picture of a grizzly bear, and the words "California Republic" (see
BEAR FLAG REPUBLIC). This
short-lived event is known as the Bear Flag Revolt.
On July 7, 1846, Commodore John D.
Sloat claimed California for the United States by raising the U.S.
flag over Monterey. This episode was followed by the easy conquest of
California by Commodore Robert F. STOCKTON,
General Stephen Watts KEARNY, and other U.S. soldiers. California was
officially transferred to the United States by the Treaty of GUADALUPE
HIDALGO, signed Feb. 2, 1848.
On
January 24, 1848, a few days
before the treaty was signed, gold had been found at a sawmill (owned by
Sutter) on the South Fork of the American River, at Coloma.
News of the discovery spread rapidly, and a gold rush was soon
underway, bringing thousands of "forty-niners" to stake claims
in northern California. San
Francisco grew as a gateway to the area.
From 1848 to 1850 the state's white population more than tripled,
to 93,000 inhabitants. After
heated discussions in the U.S. Congress concerning the spread of slavery,
California was admitted to the Union as a nonslavery state on Sept.
9, 1850 (see COMPROMISE OF 1850);
it was the country's 31st state. California's first capital was San
Jose; the capital was moved
later to Vallejo and then to Benicia before Sacramento became the
permanent capital in 1854. Although
proslavery sentiment was considerable in southern California, the entire
state remained in the Union during the Civil War, a war that had little
direct effect on Californians.
Gold
production had peaked in 1852 and thereafter declined rapidly. During the
1860s agriculture grew in importance as productive fruit- and
grain-producing farms were developed in the Central Valley, and
viticulture flourished in valleys north of San Francisco.
Economic growth was furthered by the completion, in 1869, of the
first transcontinental railroad, which linked Sacramento with the rest of
the nation. Four
Californians--Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins, Collis P. Huntington, and
Leland STANFORD--helped finance the railroad, and their Southern Pacific
Company exerted great influence over the economy and the political life of
the state in the late 19th century. Some
30,000 Chinese laborers were brought to California to help build the
railroad, and they remained in the state after its completion.
When poor economic conditions in the 1870s led to a high rate of
unemployment, the white settlers were bitter toward the Chinese, who were
willing to work for low wages. Anti-Chinese
riots occurred in San Francisco in 1877.
In 1882 the federal government enacted a law prohibiting further
Chinese immigration.
The
economy of California improved in the 1880s, and southern California,
especially the Los Angeles area, began a period of rapid growth. Citrus groves around Los Angeles started to produce large
quantities of fruit in the late 1880s, major petroleum fields were
discovered in the same region beginning in the early 1890s, and the first
motion picture produced in southern California was completed in 1907.
In 1906 San Francisco was devastated by a great earthquake and fire.
California
politics, dominated for many years by the Southern Pacific Company,
underwent major reforms in the early 20th century, especially during the
governorship (1911-17) of Hiram W. Johnson,
a founder of the Progressive party. During
Johnson's administration, the political power of the Southern Pacific was
greatly reduced; the
initiative, referendum, and recall were adopted (1911);
a state budget system was created; and many other reforms were
passed to make the state government more responsive to popular needs.
California's economy benefited from the opening (1914) of the
Panama Canal (which greatly shortened the sea route between the east and
west coasts) and from the many factories established in the state to help
meet the requirements of the U.S. effort
in World War I. The state's population grew rapidly in the 1920s,
increasing from 3,427,000 in 1920 to 5,677,000 in 1930, as farming and
industry were developed. California
was deeply affected by the Great Depression of the 1930s.
The state's high unemployment rate was exacerbated by the influx of
many impoverished farmers from the Dust Bowl region of the American West.
Such migrants were depicted in the novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939)
by John STEINBECK, a California author noted also for his descriptions of
life in his native Salinas Valley. California's
economy improved greatly during World War II, as the state became a major
center for building aircraft and ships.
During the war, persons of Japanese descent living in California
were placed in detention camps outside the state, and much of their
property was confiscated.
Prosperity
continued into the postwar period, and the population increased at an
amazing pace, jumping from 10,586,000 in 1950 to 15,717,000 in 1960. Most
of the growth occurred in the south, where sprawling urban and suburban
areas were linked by numerous limited-access highways.
Able governors like Earl WARREN (in office, 1943-53) and Edmund G.
"Pat" Brown (1959-67) helped Californians meet some of the
social and economic problems that accompanied the rapid growth, but
California was the scene of several major social protests in the 1960s.
California's
blacks, largely confined to ghetto districts in the Los Angeles and
Oakland metropolitan areas, organized campaigns to end racial
discrimination in housing, education, and employment.
In 1965 rioting occurred in the predominantly black Watts district
of Los Angeles, and similar violent outbursts by blacks occurred in
several other California cities in the mid-1960s.
At the same time the state's Mexican-Americans, sought to improve
their marginal existence. Cesar E. CHAVEZ
attempted to organize migrant farm laborers, most of whom were of Mexican
descent, but in the face of stiff opposition by farm owners he made little
progress until the mid-1970s. The
Free Speech Movement (which began in late 1964) at the University of
California at Berkeley set a pattern for many other campaigns in the
country to increase student influence over the management of institutions
of higher education. Several major protest demonstrations against U.S. military
involvement in Southeast Asia took place in California, mainly during
1965-71. The state also was a
center of youthful counterculture groups, such as the hippies who lived in
the HAIGHT-ASHBURY district of San Francisco in the mid-1960s.
In
the 1970s, under Governors Ronald W.
REAGAN (in office, 1967-75) and Edmund G.
"Jerry" BROWN, Jr. (1975-83),
the son of "Pat" Brown, California tried to meet such pressing
environmental problems as air and water pollution and threats to the
natural beauty of the coastline from development. In 1978, California voters overwhelmingly passed an
initiative (called Proposition 13) that mandated a major reduction in
property taxes. Under
Governor George Deukmejian in the 1980s the state's economy grew in most
sectors; the most striking demographic development was the fast growth
of the Asian segment of the population.
Some
short facts:
Land:
411,047 sq km (158,706 sq mi);
Capital:
Sacramento (1990 pop., 369,365).
Largest
city: Los Angeles (1990 pop.,
3,485,398).
Counties:
58.
Elevations:
highest--4,418 m (14,494 ft), at Mount Whitney;
lowest--86 m below sea level (-282 ft), at Death
Valley.
Statehood:
Sept. 9, 1850; the
31st state.
Nickname:
Golden State
bird:
California valley quail
flower:
golden poppy
tree:
California redwood
motto:
Eureka ("I have found it");
song:
"I Love You, California."
(from
Toolworks Multimedia Encyclopedia)
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